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Theoretical Foundations of Nursing
(PRELIMS)CORRECT
Florence Nightingale - ANSWER Who began the history of professional nursing? Florence Nightingale - ANSWER Who envisioned nurses as a body of educated women at a time when women where neither educated nor employed in a public service? Curriculum era - ANSWER What era does questions of content nurses should study to learn how to be a nurse? Curriculum era - ANSWER In this era, the idea or moving nursing education from hospital based diploma programs into colleges and universities began to emerge. Theory era - ANSWER the natural outgrowth of the research and graduate education discipline is dependent on theory for its continued existence - ANSWER the significance of theory for the discipline of nursing is that the _______________________________________________________________________. Nursing - ANSWER can be a vocation; can be a discipline with a professional style of theory based practice beneficial to patients - ANSWER Commitment to theory-based evidence for practice is ____________________ in that it guides systematic, knowledgeable care. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing - ANSWER a central concept of health, person, environment, nursing, and caring will be explored.
Theoretical - ANSWER emphasis will be placed on theories related to the development of therapeutic relationships, modes of effective communication and nursing therapeutics. Nursing theories - ANSWER are organized body of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why do the do it. Nursing theories - ANSWER provide a way to define nursing as a unique discipline that is separate from other discipline (e.g. medicine) Nursing theories - ANSWER It is a framework of concepts and purposes intended to guide the practice of nursing at a more concrete and specific level. Nursing - ANSWER as a profession is committed to recognizing its own unparalleled body of knowledge parallel to nursing practice. identify, develop and understand - ANSWER to distinguish this foundation of knowledge nursing needed to _________, ________, and ________ concept theories in line with nursing. Nursing - ANSWER is a unique discipline and is separate from medicine. It has its own body of knowledge on which delivery care is based. 1800s - ANSWER The first nursing theories appeared in the late ________ when a strong emphasis was placed on nursing education. 1860 Florence Nightingale - ANSWER defined nursing in her environmental theory as the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. 1950s - ANSWER there is a consensus among nursing scholars that nursing needed to validate itself through the production of its own scientifically tested body of knowledge. 1952 Hildegard Peplau - ANSWER introduced her theory of interpersonal relations that puts emphasis on the nurse client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.
Philosophy - ANSWER capture the essence of human being, such as the essence of what is means to be a provider in caring profession. Caring - ANSWER indicates philosophical belief. Philosophy - ANSWER is more than a belief - it is the application of threat belief to situation known or unknown history and philosophy of science - ANSWER important as a foundation for exploring whether scientific results are actually truth. truth - ANSWER As nurses our practice should be based upon ________ and we need the ability to interpret the results of science. Nursing science - ANSWER provides us with knowledge to describe, explain and predict outcomes. The legitimacy of any profession is built on its ability to generate and apply theory." 1960s - ANSWER The development of nursing science has evolved since the ____ as a pursuit to be understood as a scientific discipline Nursing science - ANSWER explain phenomenon and that scientist create theories for the purpose of explanation. Nursing Science - ANSWER theories are developed for explaining different type of data both objective and subjective which are considered relevant to the development of knowledge within nursing. The Rationalist - ANSWER consider that logical-conceptual thinking is based on theoretical analysis is most source of knowledge and method form ideal of deductive reasoning from cause and effect from generalization to a particular instance Priori - ANSWER The source of knowledge comes from ___________
Priori - ANSWER knowledge is independent of one's experience. Posteriori - ANSWER knowledge is dependent on the experience Deductive reasoning - ANSWER derived from one or more statements. It starts form general statement and examine possibilities to reach a logical conclusion. The Empiricist - ANSWER person who believes that knowledge comes from experience with the environment; argue that knowledge is based on human experience and that concepts, the meaning of words is reflection of observation. The central idea that scientific knowledge can be derived only form sensory experiences. Utilizing inductive method of reasoning which is based on the idea that the collection of facts precede attempts to formulate generalization Early 20th Century - ANSWER During the first half of this century, Philosophers focused on the analyses of theory structure. Scientist focused on Empirical research. Positivism - ANSWER a term first used by Comte, emerged as the dominant view of modern science Modern logical positivists - ANSWER believed that empirical research and logical analysis (deductive and inductive) were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge theory in the late twentieth century - ANSWER In 1977, Brown argued an intellectual revolution in philosophy that emphasized the history of science was replacing formal logic as the major analytical tool in the philosophy of science. One of the major perspectives in the new philosophy emphasized science as a process of continuing research rather than a product focused on findings. Philosophy - ANSWER defined as "belief of a person or group of persons" and reveals underlying values and attitudes regarding an area Nursing philosophy - ANSWER is a statement of foundational and universal assumptions, beliefs, and principles about nature of knowledge and truth (epistemology) and about the nature of entities- nursing practice and human healing processes.
Phenomena of Nursing - ANSWER Nursing theories focus on the Concepts - ANSWER are used to help describe or label a phenomenon. They are words or phrases that identify, define, and establish structure and boundaries for ideas generated about a particular phenomenon; may be abstract or concrete. Abstract Concepts - ANSWER Defined as mentally constructed independent of a specific time or place Concrete Concepts - ANSWER Are directly experienced and related to a particular time or place. Definition - ANSWER Definitions are used to convey the general meaning of the concepts of the theory. C1an be theoretical or operational. Theoretical Definitions - ANSWER Define a particular concept based on the theorist's perspective. .Operational Definitions. - ANSWER States how concepts are measured. Relational Statement - ANSWER define the relationships between two or more concepts. They are the chains that link concepts to one another. Assumptions - ANSWER are accepted as truths and are based on values and beliefs. These are statements that explain the nature of concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory. Theories - ANSWER are part of knowledge structure of any discipline domain of inquiry - ANSWER (also called metaparadigm or focus of discipline) is the foundation of the structure. Nursing domain - ANSWER described as the disciplinary focus statement or metaparadigm.
1962 Ida Jean Orlando - ANSWER Nursing Process Theory, emphasized the reciprocal relationship between patient and nurse and viewed the professional function of nursing as finding out and meeting the patient's immediate need for help. 1968 Dorothy Johnson - ANSWER pioneered the Behavioral System Model and upheld the fostering of efficient and effective behavioral functioning in the patient to prevent illness 1970 Martha Rogers - ANSWER viewed nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is integral with the universe. 1971 Dorothea Orem - ANSWER states in her theory that nursing care is required if the client is unable to fulfill biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs. 1971 Imogene King - ANSWER Theory of Goal attainment states that the nurse is considered part of the patient's environment and the nurse-patient relationship is for meeting goals towards good health. 1972 Betty Neuman - ANSWER in her theory states that many needs exist, and each may disrupt client balance or stability. Stress reduction is the goal of the system model of nursing practice. 1979 Sr. Callista Roy - ANSWER viewed the individual as a set of interrelated systems who strives to maintain the balance between these various stimuli. 1979 Jean Watson - ANSWER developed the philosophy of caring highlighted humanistic aspects of nursing as they intertwine with scientific knowledge and nursing practice. Philosophy - ANSWER Beliefs and Values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline Empiricist - ANSWER Truth is based on experience and relating to one's experience Positivist - ANSWER is science and facts that science discover
Grand nursing theorists - ANSWER develop their works based on their own experiences and the time they were living explaining why there is so much variation among theories. Examples of Grand Theory - ANSWER Johnson's Behavioral System's model, Roy's Adaptation model, Rogers' Science of Unitary Beings, Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing theory, Watson's Theory of Human Caring Conceptual models - ANSWER also called conceptual framework or conceptual systems which are sets of general concepts and prepositions that provide perspective on the major concepts of the metaparadigm to include, person, environment, health and nursing Person - ANSWER (also referred to as Client or Human Beings) is the recipient of nursing care and may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities. Environment - ANSWER (or situation) is defined as the internal and external surrounds that affect the client. It includes all positive or negative conditions that affect the patient, the physical environment, such as families, friends, and significant others, and the setting for where they go for their healthcare. Health - ANSWER is defined as the degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences. It may have different meanings for each patient, the clinical setting, and the health care provider. Nursing - ANSWER The attributes, characteristics, and actions of the nurse providing care on behalf of or in conjunction with, the client. There are numerous definitions of nursing, though nursing scholars may have difficulty agreeing on its exact definition, the ultimate goal of nursing theories is to improve patient care. Middle Range Theories - ANSWER are the next level in the structure of discipline. Nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory because of the difficulty in testing grand theory Middle range theories - ANSWER are narrower in scope and offer an effective bridge between grand theories and the description and explanation of specific nursing phenomenon.
Middle range theories - ANSWER More limited in scope (as compared to grand theories) and present concepts and propositions at a lower level of abstraction. They address a specific phenomenon in nursing. middle-range theories - ANSWER Due to the difficulty of testing grand theories, nursing scholars proposed using this level of theory. middle-range theories - ANSWER Most _______________ are based on the works of a grand theorist but they can be conceived from research, nursing practice, or the theories of other disciplines. Practice Level theories - ANSWER have the most limited scope and level of abstraction and are developed for the use within specific range of nursing situations Practice nursing theories - ANSWER are situation specific theories that are narrow in scope and focuses on a specific patient population at a specific time. Practice-level nursing theories - ANSWER provide frameworks for nursing interventions and suggest outcomes or the effect of nursing practice. Practice-level nursing theories - ANSWER Theories developed at this level have a more direct effect on nursing practice as compared to more abstract theories. Practice-level nursing theories - ANSWER These theories are interrelated with concepts from middle- range theories or grand theories. Philosophy - ANSWER Beliefs and values that define a way of thinking and are generally known and understood by a group or discipline. Theory. - ANSWER A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action. It refers to a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation. are also used to describe, predict, or control phenomena.
Exploitation Phase. Resolution Phase. - ANSWER Phase in Nurse Patient Interaction Peplau Metaparadigm - ANSWER Person, which is a developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs Orientation Phase. - ANSWER is directed by the nurse and involves engaging the client in treatment, providing explanations and information, and answering questions. Identification Phase - ANSWER begins when the client works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and begins to feel stronger. Exploitation Phase.
- ANSWER the client makes full use of the services offered. Resolution Phase. - ANSWER the client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior. The relationship ends. Peplau Metaparadigm - ANSWER Environment, which consists of existing forces outside of the person, and put in the context of culture Peplau Metaparadigm - ANSWER Health, which is a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality Peplau Metaparadigm - ANSWER Nursing, which is a significant therapeutic interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with other human process that make health possible for individuals in communities. Faye Glenn Abdellah - ANSWER (March 13, 1919 - present) is a pioneer in nursing research who developed the "Twenty-One Nursing Problems." Her model of nursing was progressive for the time in that it refers to a nursing diagnosis during a time in which nurses were taught that diagnoses were not part of their role in health care. mean implementing skilled nursing interventions and clinical judgment skills in actual clinical situations
Individual, Health, Society, - ANSWER Major Concepts of 21 Nursing Problems Theory Individual, Abdellah
- ANSWER She describes the recipients of nursing as individuals (and families), although she does not delineate her beliefs or assumptions about the nature of human beings. Health, Abdellah - ANSWER is "total health needs" and "a healthy state of mind and body." _________ may be defined as the dynamic pattern of functioning whereby there is a continued interaction with internal and external forces that results in the optimal use of necessary resources to minimize vulnerabilities. Society, Abdellah - ANSWER is included in "planning for optimum health on local, state, and international levels." Virginia Henderson - ANSWER The Need Theory Virginia Henderson - ANSWER was born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1897. Virginia Henderson - ANSWER Nursing Need Theory was developed by ____________________________to define the unique focus of nursing practice. Virginia Henderson - ANSWER The theory focuses on the importance of increasing the patient's independence to hasten their progress in the hospital. Virginia Henderson's Metaparadigm - ANSWER Individual, Environment, Health, Nursing Individual. Henderson - ANSWER states that have basic needs that are component of health and require assistance to achieve health and independence or a peaceful death. According to her, an _________ achieves wholeness by maintaining physiological and emotional balance.
Florence Nightingale - ANSWER theory focused on environment Florence Nightingale - ANSWER She defined and described the concepts of ventilation, warmth, light, diet, cleanliness, and noise—components of surroundings usually referred to as environment Florence Nightingale - ANSWER Proper ventilation is her major concern, she indicates that the surroundings as a source of disease and recovery Major Assumptions, Nightingale - ANSWER Nursing , Health , Environment, Person Nursing. Major Assumption - ANSWER Nightingale believed that every woman, at one time in her life, would be a nurse in the sense that _______ is being responsible for someone else's health Health. Major Assumption - ANSWER Nightingale defined _______ as being well and using every power (resource) to the fullest extent in living life. Environment. Major Assumption - ANSWER Nightingale's concept of ________ emphasized that nursing was "to assist nature in healing the patient. Person. Major Assumption - ANSWER as a patient. Nurses performed tasks to and for the patient and controlled the patient's environment to enhance recovery. environmental aspects of her theory (i.e., ventilation, warmth, quiet, diet, and cleanliness) - ANSWER The _________________________ remain integral components of nursing care and the relevance of concepts continues in the twenty-first century. Notes in Nursing - ANSWER Nightingale's philosophy and theory of nursing are stated clearly and concisely in _____________________ philosophy of nursing. - ANSWER Nightingale's work has come to be recognized as a _______________ Some formulations have been tested, most often principles are derived from anecdotal situations to illustrate their meaning and support their claims
Philosophy and Theory of Transpersonal Caring - ANSWER Jean Watson Paradigm. - ANSWER refers to a pattern of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world; worldview or widely accepted value system. Structure Level - ANSWER ( Analysis of theory, clarity, simplicity, generality, accessibility, importance). Clarity - ANSWER It speaks to the meaning of term used, and definitional consistency and structure speak to the consistent structural form of terms in the theory. Clarity - ANSWER Words have multiple meanings within and across disciplines; therefore a word should be defined specifically according to the framework ( Philosophy, conceptual model, theory, or middle range theory). Simplicity - ANSWER It is highly valued in nursing theory development. Simplicity - ANSWER It discuss the degrees of simplicity and call for simple forms of theory, such as middle range, to guide practice. Simplicity - ANSWER Complex practice situation may call for more complex theory. Simplicity - ANSWER A theory should be sufficient, comprehensive, presented at a level of abstraction to provide guidance, and have as few concepts possible with a simplistic relation as possible to aid clarity. Generality - ANSWER It speaks to the scope of application and the purpose within the theory ( Chinn & Krammer, 2015). Generality - ANSWER Understanding the levels of abstraction by doctors students and nurse scientist has facilitated the use of abstract frameworks and the development of middle-range theories. Accessibility - ANSWER " Accessible addresses the extent to which empiric indicators for the concepts can be identified and to what extent the purposes of the theory can be attained"
Watson - ANSWER She believes that a holistic approach to health care is central to the practice of caring in nursing. From Novice to Expert - ANSWER Patricia Benner Patricia Benner - ANSWER was born in Hampton, Virginia, and received her bachelor's degree in Nursing from Pasadena College in 1964, and later a master's degree in Medical-Surgical Nursing from the University of California, Berkeley From Novice to Expert - ANSWER This nursing theory proposes that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a proper educational background as well as a multitude of experiences. From Novice to Expert - ANSWER is not focused on how to be a nurse, rather on how nurses acquire nursing knowledge - one could gain knowledge and skills ("knowing how"), without ever learning the theory ("knowing that"). novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert - ANSWER Stages of Clinical Competence Novice - ANSWER nurses lack the speed and flexibility of proficient nurses, but they have some mastery and can rely on advance planning and organizational skills. Advanced Beginner. - ANSWER Those are the new grads in their first jobs; They have the knowledge and the know-how but not enough in-depth experience. Competent - ANSWER These nurses lack the speed and flexibility of proficient nurses, but they have some mastery and can rely on advance planning and organizational skills Proficient: - ANSWER At this level, nurses are capable to see situations as "wholes" rather than parts. Proficient nurses learn from experience what events typically occur and are able to modify plans in response to different events.
Expert: - ANSWER Nurses who are able to recognize demands and resources in situations and attain their goals. These nurses know what needs to be done. They no longer rely solely on rules to guide their actions under certain situations. Metaparadigm Concepts as Defined by Benner, Person - ANSWER Embodied _________ living in the world who is self-interpreting being, that is _________ who does not come into the world into the world. (Benner & Wrubel 1989.) Metaparadigm Concepts as Defined by Benner, Environment - ANSWER A social environment with social definition and meaningfulness Metaparadigm Concepts as Defined by Benner, Health - ANSWER The human experience of health or wholeness Metaparadigm Concepts as Defined by Benner, Nursing. - ANSWER A caring relationship that includes the care and study of the live experience, of health, illness and disease. Theory of Human Caring - ANSWER "Nursing is concerned with promoting health, preventing illness, caring for the sick, and restoring health." Nurse - Patient Relationship - ANSWER not a uniform, professionalized blueprint but rather a kaleidoscope of intimacy and distance in some of the most dramatic, poignant, and mundane moments of life." • Carative Caring - ANSWER - The ultimate goal of caring is to lighten suffering and serve life and health. Carative Caring - ANSWER Katie Erikson Katie Erikson - ANSWER is one of the pioneers of caring science in the Nordic countries. When she started her career 30 years ago, she had to open the way for a new science. We who followed her work and progress in Finland have noticed her ability from the beginning to design caring science as a discipline, while bringing to life the abstract substance of caring.
