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An in-depth analysis of the role and powers of lay magistrates in the United States, focusing on their qualifications and training requirements. The study covers various types of magistrates, including mayoral courts, justice of peace courts, and nonjudge court personnel with judicial powers. It also discusses the importance of magistrates and recommendations for fixing the system.
Typology: Lecture notes
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Bail Issuance of Warrants^ Preliminary Hearings Misdemeanors Ordinance Violations Traffic Statutes MAYORAL COURTS Ohio (Mayor's Court) X X X Ohio Rev. Code § 1905.01 (2017) Louisiana (Mayor's Court) X X X La. Rev. Stat. § 33:441 (2017) JUSTICE OF THE PEACES Arizona (Justice Court) X X X Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 22-301 (2017) Delaware (Alderman Court) X^ X 21 Del. Code § 708 (2017), 11 Del. Code § 4503 (2017), 11 Del. Code § 5303 (2017) Delaware (Justice of the Peace Court) X^ X^ X^ X^ X^ 11 Del. Code § 2702 (2017), 11 Del. Code §§ 5901-5917 (2017) Georgia (Magistrate Court) X^ X^ X^ Ga. Code § 15-10-2 (2017) Louisiana (Justice of the Peace Court) X^ X^ X^ La. Rev. Stat. § 13:2586 (2017) Mississippi (Justice Court) X^ X^ X^ X^ X Miss. Code § 99-33-1 (2017), Miss. Code § 9-11-15 (2017), Miss. Code § 99-3-21 (2017), Miss. Code § 99-5-11 (2017) Montana (Justice of Peace Court) X^ X^ X^ Mont. Code § 3-10-118 (2017), Mont. Code § 3-10-303 (2017) Nevada (Justice Court) X X X Nev. Rev. Stat. § 4.370 (2017), Nev. Rev. Stat. § 4.3762 (2017) New Mexico (Magistrate’s Court) X^ X^ X^ X^ X^ X^ N.M. Stat. § 35-3-4 (2017) Pennsylvania (Magisterial District Judges) X^ X^ X^ X^ X^ 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 1513 (2017), 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 1515 (2017) Oregon (Justice Court) X X X X X Or. Rev. Stat. § 51.050 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. § 51.070 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. § 133.020 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. § 133.030 (2017) South Carolina (Magistrate’s Court) X^ X^ X^ X S.C. Code § 22-5-10 (2017), S.C. Code § 22-5-510 (2017), S.C. Code § 22-5-320 (2017), S.C. Code § 22-3-540 (2017) Texas (Justice Courts) X X X X Tex. Gov. Code § Title 2-Subtitle A-Chapter 27 (2017), Tex. Gov. Code § Title 1-Article 2.09 (2017), Tex. Gov. Code § Title 1-Chapter 15 (2017), Tex. Gov. Code § Title 2-Subtitle A-Chapter 17 (2017) Utah (Justice Court ) X X X X Utah Code § 78A-7-106 (2017), Utah Code § 78-20-1 (2017), Utah Code § 77-1-3 (2017), Utah Code § 77-7-5 (2017) West Virgina (Magistrate Court) X^ X^ X^ X^ W.Va. Code § 50-2-3 (2017)
New Mexico (Municipal) X X X X N.M. Stat § 35-14-2 (2017), N.M.R.A. Rule 8- New York (Town and Village Justice Court) X^ X^ X^ X^ N.Y. Const. Art. VI § 17, N.Y. C.P.L.
North Dakota (Municipal) X X X N.D.C.C. 40-18-01 (2017) Oklahoma (Municipal) X X Okla. Stat. § 11-27-103 (2017) Oklahoma (Special District) X^ X^ X^ Okla. Stat. § 20-123 (2017) Oregon (Municipal) X X X X X Or. Rev. Stat. 221.339 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. 135.280 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. 133.030 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. 135.245 (2017) South Carolina (Municipal) X^ X^ X^ S.C. Code § 14-25-45 (2017) Texas (Constitutional County Courts) X^ X^ Tex. Code § Title 2-Subtitle A-Chapter 26 (2017) West Virgina (Municipal) X X W.Va. Code § 8-10-1 (2017), W.Va. Code § 8-10-2 (2017) Wisconsin (Municipal) X X Wis. Stat. § 755.045 (2017), Wis. Stat. § 800.02 (2017) Wyoming (Municipal Court) X^ X^ X^ X Wyo. Stat. § 5-6-201 (2017), Wyo. Stat. § 5-6-202 (2017), Wyo. Stat. § 5-6-301 (2017), Wyo. Stat. § 5-6-109 (2017) Education Initial Training Grace Period Ongoing Training Exam Population Threshold Statutes and Rules MAYORAL COURTS Ohio (Mayor's Court) Unaddressed in statute 12 hours N 6 Hours N Ohio Rev. Code § 1905.03 (2017), Ohio Rev Code § 1905.031 (2017), Ohio Mayors Court Rules 3 and 4 Louisiana (Mayor's Court) Unaddressed in statute^ Unaddressed in statute N Unaddressed in statute N La. Rev. Stat. § 33:384 (2017) JUSTICES OF THE PEACE Arizona (Justice Court) Unaddressed in statute^ Unaddressed in statute N 16 hours annually N Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 22-122 (2017), Arizona Code of Judicial Administration 1- Delaware (Alderman Court) Unaddressed in statute Unaddressed in statute N/A^ Unaddressed in statute N^ See e.g., Del. Code 49-21A Delaware (Justice of the Peace Court) Unaddressed in statute 11 weeks^ N^ 24 hours over 2 years N Del. Const., Article IV, §§ 29 & 30, Del. Code tit. 10 § 9210 (2017), Delaware Rules for Continuing Legal Education 4(a) and 4(c) (2016) Georgia (Magistrate Court) HS^ 80 hours over 2 years 2 years Unspecified (delegated to Georgia Magistrate Courts Training Council) N Ga. Code § 15-10-22 (2017), Ga. Code § 15-10-137 (2017) Louisiana (Justice of the Peace Court) HS^ One training course 6 months^ One course annually N^ La. Rev. Stat. § 13:2582 (2017), La. Rev. Stat. § 49:251.1 (2017) Mississippi (Justice Court) HS^ 80 hours^ N^ 24 hours annually^ Y Miss. Code § 9-11-3 (2017), Miss. Code § 9-11-4 (2017), Miss. Const. § 171 Montana (Justice of Peace Court) Unaddressed in statute One training course As soon as practicable 2 annual training conferences ( hours) Y (within 6 months, and every 4 years thereafter) Mont. Code § 3-10-204 (2017), Mont. Code § 3-10-203 (2017), Mont. Code § 3-1-1502 (2017), Mont. Commission on Courts of Limited Jurisdiction
Nevada (Justice Court) HS 2 weeks "N* 24 month grace for Ethics course" 13 hours N 100, Nev. Rev. Stat. § 4.010 (2017), Nev. Rev. Stat. § 4.035 (2017), Supreme Court of Nevada Administrative Office of the Courts Judicial Education Policies New Mexico (Magistrate’s Court) HS^ One training course 45 days^ 1 course annually (12 hours) N^ 200, N.M. Stat. § 35-2-1 (2017), N.M. Stat. § 35-2-3 (2017), N.M. Stat. § 35-2-4 (2017) Oregon (Justice Court) Unaddressed in statute^ One training course 12 Months 30 hours every 2 years N Or. Rev. Stat. § 51.240 (2017), Or. Rev. Stat. § 51.245 (2017) Pennsylvania (Magisterial District Judges) Unaddressed in statute 160 hours^ N^ 32 hours annually^ Y 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3101 (2017), 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3112 (2017), 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3113 (2017), 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 3118 (2017) South Carolina (Magistrate’s Court) Bachelor's^ One training course 12 Months^ 18 hours annually^ Y S.C. Code § 22-1-10 (2017), S.C. Code § 22-2-5 (2017), S.C. Supreme Court Rule 510 Texas (Justice Courts) Unaddressed in statute 80 hours 12 Months 20 hours annually N Tex. Code § Title 2-Subtitle A-Chapter 27 (2017) Utah (Justice Court ) HS Orientation seminar (unspecified length) N 24 hours annually N Utah Code § 78A-7-201 (2017), Utah Code § 78A-7-205 (2017), U.C.J.A. Rule 14- West Virgina (Magistrate Court) HS Unspecified course of instruction N 30 hours every two years N W. Va. Code § 50-1-4 (2017), W. Va. Judicial Disciplinary Procedure Rule 7. NONJUDGE COURT PERSONNEL WITH JUDICIAL POWERS Alabama (District & Municipal Magistrate) Delegated by statute to state supreme court (unaddressed by court rule) One training course 12 months (district court), 6 months (municipal court) Unspecified N Ala. Rule of Jud. Admin. 18, Ala. Code § 12-17-251 (2017) Alaska (Deputy Magistrate) Delegated by statute to state supreme court (unaddressed by court rule) Unspecified training on duties by a judge N Unaddressed in statute N Alaska Stat. § 22.15.160 (2017), Alaska Court Rule 19.2 (2017) Connecticut (Bail Staff/ Police) Unaddressed in statute Unaddressed in statute N/A^ Unaddressed in statute N^ N/A Maine (Bail Commissioner) Unaddressed in statute One bail training program 12 months Unspecified N 15 Me. Rev. Stat. § 1023 (2017) Maryland (District Bail Commissioner) Unaddressed in statute Unaddressed in statute N/A^ Unaddressed in statute N^ Md. Cts. & Jud. Pro. Code § 2- (2017) Massachusetts (Clerk) Unaddressed in statute^ Unaddressed in statute N/A Unaddressed in statute N See, Mass. Exec. Ord. 558 Michigan (District Magistrate) Unaddressed in statute Unspecified course required for traffic powers No Unaddressed in statute N Mich. Comp. Laws 600.8507, Mich. Comp. Laws 600. Nebraska (Clerk) HS Unspecified, must comply with court rules N/A Unspecified, must comply with court rules N Neb. Code § 24-508 (2017) New Hampshire (Bail Commissioner) Unaddressed in statute Unaddressed in statute N/A^ One meeting annually N^ N.H. Rev. Stat. 597:17, N.H. Rev. Stat. 597:18a North Carolina (Magistrate) Waived upon 8 years relevant experience 40 hours 6 Months Unspecified in statute (12 hours every 2 years by court rule) N N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-171.2 (2017), N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-177 (2017), Conference of Chief District Court Judges North Dakota (Magistrate) Unaddressed in statute Unaddressed in statute N/A^ One course every 2 years N^ N.D. Admin. Rule 20 South Dakota (Clerk Magistrate) HS One "institute" on duties of magistrate N Unaddressed in statute N S.D. Codified Laws § 16-12C- 2 (2017), S.D. Codified Laws § 16-12C-3 (2017)
South Carolina (Municipal) Unaddressed in statute One training course 12 Months^ 14 hours annually Y (within 12 months and every 8 years thereafter) S.C. Code § 14-25-15 (2017), S.C. Supreme Court Rule 510 Texas (Constitutional County Courts) Unaddressed in statute 30 hours^ 12 Months^ 16 hours annually^ N Tex. Code § Title 2-Subtitle A-Chapter 26 (2017), Tex. Rules of Judicial Education Rule 2 West Virgina (Municipal) Unaddressed in statute^ One training course Next available 30 hours every 2 years N W.Va. Code § 8-10-2 (2017), W.Va. Judicial Disciplinary Procedure Rule 7. Wisconsin (Municipal) Unaddressed in statute^ One training course Next available 4 hours annually N Wis. Stat. § 755.18 (2017), Wis. Supreme Court Rule 33 Wyoming (Municipal Court) Delegated by statute to municipalities Unaddressed in statute N/A^ Unaddressed in statute N^ Wyo. Stat. § 5-6-103 (2017)