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Otto i's role in rebuilding the holy roman empire (hre) and the church's involvement. It also explores the cluny reform movement, its reasons, reforms, success, and the conflict between emperor henry iv and pope gregory vii. Otto i's conquests and church support led to the hre's unification, but the close relationship caused tension. The cluny reformers aimed for an independent and chaste clergy, leading to the separation of church and state and celibacy. Henry iv and gregory vii clashed over ecclesiastical authority, resulting in excommunications and antipopes.
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1. How did Otto I rebuild the HRE? What role did the church play in this? Finally, how did the HRE continue to decline? - His father had given him a strong territorial position. o Otto I had conquered Italy & called himself their king, and defeated the Hungarians. o This had unified the German duchies and was revered as “Otto the Great” - As part of his rebuilding program he enlisted the church. o When Otto answered Pope John’s call for help from an Italian bully, he was recompensed and crowned as emperor o Otto proclaimed himself to be the Papal States’ special protector o However, over time the close relationship caused the church to be under royal control and thus Pope John opposed the new emperor o He then disposed of Pope John and thus forward made every pope swear allegiance to the emperor - Otto’s sons: Otto II and Otto III were overly preoccupied with Italy causing German base to disintegrate. o The newly revived empire began to crumble in 1125 o And as for the church, they were unhappy with Ottonian & Carolingian domination, influencing its own independence and its own vengeance 2. What were the main reasons behind the Cluny reform movement? What were some of the reforms? How do you account for the success of the movement & what were some of its results? What critical point[s] did the Emperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII conflict on? How was this friction resolved? Who would you have sided with & why? - Great monastery in Cluny - Reformers had a popular respect for the church o They had a determination to maintain a spiritual church o They resolved to create an independent and chaste clergy Thus, distinct Western separation of church & state, & celibacy of Catholic clergy - In later half of 11th^ century, the Cluny reformers reached its summit of their influence when the papacy embraced their reform program - Pope Gregory had royal authority & church & religion had become an integral part of government o Henry felt ecclesiastical as a challenge to his temporal authority o Gregory responded by excommunicating & absolving Henry of all his royal subjects
o He had to come to terms with Gregory Waited for 3 days outside in snow Finally got power back & struck back with vengeance