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Psychology of the Self: Self-Perception, Social Interactions, and Personal Growth, Cheat Sheet of Experimental Psychology

University of BathExperimental Psychology

Various aspects of the self in psychology, including the spotlight effect, illusion of transparency, social surroundings, self-interest, self-concern, social relationships, and related concepts such as self-schema, social comparison, and individualism. It also covers topics like self-esteem, feedback, terror management theory, and biases. Students of psychology will find this document useful for understanding the complexities of self-perception and social interactions.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Available from 03/28/2024

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sarah-miller-6 🇬🇧

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Spotlight effect -
Seeing oneself at center stage, thus intuitively overestimating the extent to which other's
attention is aimed at us
Illusion of transparency -
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
Social surroundings affect our social awareness -We notice how we differ when we are the only
race, gender, etc. in a room
Self-interest colors our social judgments -
Things go bad, we blame others; things go well, we take the credit
Self-concern motivates our social behavior - Adjust our behavior based on others
Social relationships define our sense of self - Change ourselves based on who we are with
Most researched topic in psychology -
1. The self-Medial prefrontal cortex-right hemisphere
-responsible for the sense of self
2. Self-concept -
What we know and believe about ourselves
3. Self-schema -
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
Schemas -
Are mental templates by which we organize our worlds?
4. Social comparison -
Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself w/others
-accurate info compare to similar people
-feel better compare to those lower than you
-for motivation compare to those higher than you
Schadenfreude -
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Download Psychology of the Self: Self-Perception, Social Interactions, and Personal Growth and more Cheat Sheet Experimental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Spotlight effect -

Seeing oneself at center stage, thus intuitively overestimating the extent to which other's attention is aimed at us Illusion of transparency - The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others S ocial surroundings affect our social awareness -We notice how we differ when we are the only race, gender, etc. in a room Self-interest colors our social judgments - Things go bad , we blame others; things go well , we take the credit Self-concern motivates our social behavior - Adjust our behavior based on others Social relationships define our sense of self - Change ourselves based on who we are with Most researched topic in psychology -

  1. The self-Medial prefrontal cortex-right hemisphere -responsible for the sense of self
  2. Self-concept - What we know and believe about ourselves
  3. Self-schema - Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information Schemas - Are mental templates by which we organize our worlds?
  4. Social comparison - Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself w/others  -accurate info compare to similar people  -feel better compare to those lower than you  -for motivation compare to those higher than you Schadenfreude -

Privately taking pleasure in other's failures Compare upward - We raise the standards by which we evaluate our attainments when climbing the ladder of success Looking-glass self - How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves -really how we imagine others see us Individualism - The concept of giving priorities to one's goals over group goals and defining on the identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications -very western Independent self - Construing one's self identity as an autonomous self Collectivism - Giving priority to the goals of one's group -very Asian, African, central/southern America -becomes more individual when exposed to ____ Asian vs. western thinking - Focus more on background, self-improvement vs. focus on biggest fish, self esteem Collective culture vs. individualistic culture - Harmonize w/ & support one's community vs. to enhance one's self and make individual choices Self-view - ______ shaped by culture even in short periods of time (Ex. collectivism --> individualism) Planning fallacy -

-don't want to hear/be positive -make less money, abuse drugs, and are depressed -have a less clear knowledge about them High self-esteem - -more positive perspective -believe in superiority -foster initiative, resilience and pleasant feelings -doesn't mean succeed of academic achievement -problematic b/c narcissistic -values relationships w/ others and personal achievement Longitudinal study - Research in which the same people are studied over a long period of time Narcissism correlates to - Materialism and lack of empathy Self-control > self-esteem - Self-control > self esteem Self-efficacy - How competent we feel to complete a task Hard won achievements = - Increased self-efficacy and increased self-control Self-serving bias - A tendency to see one's self favorably -take credit for success, blame others for failures Self-serving attributions - Contributes to marital discord, worker dissatisfaction and bargaining impasses

Bias blind spot - People claim they avoid self-serving bias themselves but readily acknowledge that others commit this bias -we see others ourselves as objective and others as bias -we also think we are better than average -group member's estimates of task are always > 100% 4 points of self-serving bias -

  1. Self-serving attributions (I got an A)
  2. self-congratulatory comparisons (I do more)
  3. Illusory optimism (I will succeed though most don't)
  4. False consensus (most people agree with me) Optimism - -more common than ___ -unrealistic ___ = on the rise -illusory ___ = increased vulnerability b/c we believe we are immune to misfortune -Promotes self-efficacy Defensive pessimism - The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action False consensus effect - The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable/unsuccessful behaviors -we project ourselves, we generalize from a limited sample which includes ourselves False uniqueness effect - The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's ability and one's desirable/successful behaviors Self-handicapping -

Self-knowledge --> - Self-reference Incidental memory - Subjects perform task w/ list of traits, unaware that they will soon be given memory -result: memory for the word depends on the 1st task (memory gets better if task is relevant to you: self-knowledge) Feel coherent b/c - Accessibility, consistency pressures & situational Sources of self-knowledge - Self-perception, social comparison, social feedback & introspection Self-perception - I am smiling so i must be happy Social feedback - We come to know ourselves by observing other's reactions to us Stereotype threat - Concern that one will be evaluated negatively based on a social stereotype Introspection - Flawed & limited -inaccurate in explaining and predicting behavior and predicting feelings Motives about the self - -self assessment -self enhancement -self verification Self-improvement Self-awareness vs. self-monitoring -

Private vs. public -failure= demoralized and discouraged or energized and pumped up depending on if goals are self-defining or not -related to self = performance and persistence improved -unrelated to self = opposite ^^ Actual self-vs. Self-guides - -how you perceive yourself -standards for regulating behavior 2 self-guides -

  1. Ought self- makes you feel bed (high in energy)
  2. Ideal self (makes you feel bad in low energy) -both hypothetical