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PSC 1800 Final Exam Solved 100% Correct
What is the difference between and herbaceous plant and a woody plant? Select all that apply. herbaceous plants survive winter underground herbaceous plants are evergreen herbaceous plant tissues are "soft" herbaceous plants develop woody tissues - ANS-herbaceous plants survive winter underground herbaceous plant tissues are "soft" Botany is the hard science behind the ____________________ science of horticulture. - ANS-Applied Olericulture is the study of ____________________. - ANS-vegetables true or false? There are no jobs in horticulture that require extensive training and/or education. - ANS- False true or false? Soil science and entomology have very little to do with horticulture. - ANS-False Which field related to horticulture requires an extensive background in genetics? - ANS- plant breeding Which one of the following botanical plant names is formatted correctly? A. Platanus Occidentalis B. Beucarnia recurvata C. Eleagnus angustifolia D. Picea pungens f. glauca - ANS-C __________ have 2 seed leaves, flower parts in multiples of __________ or __________ (list flowers part multiples from least 0 to greatest 10 and have __________ veins, while __________ have 1 seed leaf, flower parts in multiples of __________ and __________ veins - ANS-dicots 4s 5s ring monocots 3s scattered __________are human-selected clones that are propagated and maintained vegetatively or asexually, while __________ are sexually propagated or bred plants that
are NOT clones, nut look similar enough generally that they look like they are - ANS- Cultivar line Which plant is a hybrid or cross between two genera (plural of genus)? A. Platanus x acerifolia B. X Fatshedera C. Caryopteris x clandonensis D. Rosa rugosa - ANS-B Annual plants are classified into 2 categories in terms of their tolerance to frost or freezing. They are either frost tender, where even a light frost kills the OR they are frost [frostreaction], meaning they can endure some frosts before succumbing. - ANS-Hardy Blueberries, azaleas and rhododendrons are _____________ because they love having soil with a pH less than 7. - ANS-acidophiles Which qualities generally mean production is horticulture versus agronomy? Select all that apply. 1.Product is for fresh consumption 2.Product is for aesthetics or entertainment 3.Product can be stored for many years before using 4.Product is grown on hundreds of acres at a time - ANS-1 and 2 Is this plant a monocot or a dicot? - ANS-monocot Is this plant a monocot or a dicot? - ANS-Dicot Is this plant a monocot or a dicot? - ANS-monocot What is the difference between and herbaceous plant and a woody plant? - ANS- herbaceous plant tissues are "soft" herbaceous plants survive winter underground ________ tissue moves food around the plant and is mostly living tissue wher as ________ tissue is mostly dead tissue at maturity and moves water up through the plant
- ANS-phloem xylem All of the following are examples of adventitious roots, EXCEPT: stolons holdfasts contractile roots brace or prop roots - ANS-stolons alternate - ANS-one bud per node
capsule silique follicle Fruits that form without fertilization are called _________________ fruit. They are seedless. - ANS-pathenocarpic Seeds that form inside a fruit WITHOUT fertilization contain embryos that are clones. This process is called ______________. - ANS-apomixis ___________ stores the genes that control an organism. ___________ makes proteins that fulfill plant functions based on the genetic code. - ANS-DNA RNA ___________results in the splitting of a single cell into 2 identical daughter cells, while___________ results in the formation of gametes that are haploid. - ANS-Mitosis meiosis Which of the following is NOT a benefit of horticultural crop genetic improvements? - ANS-improved photosynthetic efficiency True or False? Polyploidy generally makes plants more vigorous and productive. - ANS-True When a second sperm nucleus unties with other tissues in the ovary to make endosperm, what is the ploidy level of that endosperm? - ANS-3n True or False? Double fertilization only occurs in gymnosperms. - ANS-False If I have a homozygous dominant plant and I cross it with a homozygous recessive plant and get 4 offspring (F1), how many of the 4 offspring will have the dominant trait? - ANS- What is the cause of inbreeding depression? - ANS-accumulation of too many recessive genes Which of the following is NOT a benefit of heterosis? better characteristics inbreeding depression increased size increased vigor - ANS-inbreeding depression True or False? Many GMOs are commonly used among horticultural crops. - ANS-false
Which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation that ensures cross-fertilization? doecy xenia dichogamy self-incompatibility - ANS-xenia What is the best way to avoid building resistance to pesticides in a weed population? - ANS-rotate pesticide modes of action Which are the primary ways that light affects a plant? Select all that apply. light determines plant morphology light moves plants to increase stem strength light provides energy for photosynthesis light reverses plant aging - ANS-light determines plant morphology light provides energy for photosynthesis Which are characteristics of a shade leaf? Select all that apply. thicker larger lighter green darker green smaller thinner - ANS-larger darker green thinner Light is both a ___________ which provides different colors of light AND a ___________ of energy that excites chlorophyll during photosynthesis. - ANS-wave pulse The wavelengths of the visible spectrum range from _______________ to _____________________. - ANS-380 to 770 nm Which of the following is NOT a way that horticulturists measure light? quantity duration actinic quality - ANS-actinic Which characteristic of light is most often a trigger? - ANS-photoperiod ___________________ are often called accessory or helper pigments because they are excited by light energy and pass that energy to ___________________ for use in
C. Laburnum x watereri D. Prunus serrulata - ANS-B Which of the following are parts of a plant's epidermis? Select all that apply. stomates palisade layer cuticle trichomes mesophyll - ANS-stomates cuticle trichomes For a plant to be monoecious, it must have perfect flowers. - ANS-False Even though a capitulum looks like a solitary flower, it is really many flowers. - ANS- True drupe - ANS-has a single-seeded pit has a "bum" at the bottom: peach, cherry, plum, apricot Pome - ANS-has a core with many seeds; remnants of flower parts can be seen on the bottom; apple, pear, quince Pepo - ANS-specialized berry with hard rind at maturity; squash Berry - ANS-has a pulpy, fleshy center with many seeds in it; tomato, grape, banana hesperidium - ANS-Has a juicy segmented flesh and a leathery rind; citrus Which of the following is NOT a result of genetic improvements to horticultural crops? - ANS-decreased allergic response ______________is cell division where a cell divides into to identical daughter cells, whereas ______________ is a reduction division where the resulting gametes have half the number of normal chromosomes - ANS-mitosis meiosis A process called double fertilization occurs in [plant class] where a second sperm nucleus from pollen unites with other ovarial tissues to make endosperm that is gymnosperms. - ANS-angiosperms heterosis - ANS-hybrid vigor homozygous - ANS-each allele on a pair of genes is the same heterozygous - ANS-each allele on a pair of genes is different
inbreeding depression - ANS-too many recessive alleles cause problems Which one of the following botanical plant names is formatted correctly? A. Chamaecyparis obtusa B. Euonymus japonicus C. Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis D. Picea glauca 'Densata' - ANS-a annual - ANS-seed to seed in one growing season, then it dies biennial - ANS-seed to rosette in 1st growing season; overwinters in a dormant state; rosette to flowers and seeds in 2nd growing season; dies winter annual - ANS-germinates in fall of 1st growing season; tough enough to survive the winter without dying or going dormant; seeds early the following spring; dies perennial - ANS-may take several years to produce seed, but, as long as conditions are favorable, it will produce seeds each year in cycles of dormancy and active growth for several years before dying Olericulture - ANS-vegetables Pomology - ANS-Fruits Viticulture - ANS-grapes Enology - ANS-wine Floriculture - ANS-cut or potted flowers Landscape Horticulture - ANS-greenhouse management, landscape management, nursery management Arboriculture - ANS-trees Recreational Horticulture - ANS-home gardening, horticulture therapy Some plants have an adaptation which keeps them from inbreeding and forces them to cross-fertilize or cross-breed. It is common in sweet cherries, plums, almonds, pears and some apples and is called ____________________. Because of this adaptation, a ____________________ , or tree of a different cultivar, is required in order for these fruit and nut trees to bear fruit. Do not confuse the former cultivar with the insect or bee that moves pollen from one cultivar to the other, which is called a ____________________. - ANS-incompatibility pollinizer
rates and the excess sugars increase the production of ________________. - ANS- bright and warm cool photosynthesis respiration anthocyanins The most energy-efficient greenhouse design ______________. - ANS-Minimizes the surface area to volume ratio Number of hours between 0 and 7 C (32 and 45 F) required for floral initiation and flowering - ANS-Chilling hours State of rest where a seed/plant will not germinate/grow even if conditions are favorable
- ANS-dormancy Moist cold treatment for seeds that simulates winter and breaks dormancy - ANS- stratification Cold treatment for a certain period of time required for some plants to flower properly - ANS-vernalization Which of the following is NOT a way to conserve energy in a greenhouse or controlled environment? Close during the coldest months of the year in the north Replace your old air conditioning unit Use space efficiently Thermal blankets - ANS-Replace your old air conditioning unit true or false? Only daytime temperatures affect plant growth and development. - ANS- False Which are characteristics of a sun leaf? Select all that apply. larger smaller thicker thinner lighter green darker green - ANS-smaller thicker lighter green ______________ are often called accessory or helper pigments because they are excited by light energy and pass that energy to ______________ for use in
photosynthesis. ______________ often intensify under cool nights and warm, bright days and are often responsible for red colors in fall leaves - ANS-carotenoids chlorophyll a anthocyanins Which of the following is the most correct statement about temperature and the rate of chemical processes? As temperature increases, the rate of chemical processes increases exponentially. As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions decreases. As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions increases until a maximum temperature where the relationship breaks down. As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions remains the same. - ANS-As temperature increases, the rate of chemical reactions increases until a maximum temperature where the relationship breaks down. You are growing peas. Given the following information, how many GDDs have accumulated? Minimum baseline temperature: 40 F Maximum threshold temperature: 80 F Day 1: Minimum Temperature: 47 Maximum Temperature: 81 Day 2 Minimum Temperature: 52 Maximum Temperature: 82 Day 3 Minimum Temperature: 41 Maximum Temperature: 75 Day 4 Minimum Temperature: 37 Maximum Temperature: 87 - ANS-87. The best red fall colors occur when days are bright and warm AND nights are ____________ because ____________ rates exceed [ Select ] ____________ rates and the excess sugars increase the production of ____________ - ANS-bright and warm cool photosynthesis respiration anthocyanins
____________ and retractable roofs are examples of ____________ cooling, while fans, ____________ and fogging systems are examples of ____________ cooling. - ANS-vents passive pad and fan system active true or false? All greenhouse coverings are poor insulators, but some are worse than others. - ANS-true Which greenhouse covering has the WORST insulation factor? Double-layer polycarbonate Glass Acrylic Double-layer polyethylene - ANS-Glass If a gutter-connected range of greenhouses is equal to the growing space of three separate greenhouses, which one will be more energy efficient? Why? - ANS-gutter connected because it has less surface area and the same volume ____________ are used to keep heat around the greenhouse benches and they can help make ____________ more affordable, but they (the equipment you chose in the 1st drop-down) are rarely used in the north because ____________ - ANS-Thermal blankets DIF because snow must be melted off of the greenhouse covering or the GH will collapse Which of the following is NOT a way to conserve energy in a greenhouse? using space efficiently using an efficient air conditioner to cool the greenhouse using a double-layer greenhouse covering closing a greenhouse during the cold months - ANS-using an efficient air conditioner to cool the greenhouse true or false Even tropical plant tissues can be preserved by cryopreservation because they are frozen so quickly that ice crystals do not have a chance to form inside the cells in the tissue. - ANS-true Which of the following are true of USDA Plant Hardiness Zones? Select all that apply. each zone is 20 F they are based on average annual minimum temperatures there are 13 zones Zone 13 is the coldest each zone is 10 F - ANS-they are based on average annual minimum temperatures there are 13 zones
each zone is 10 F Which of the following will NOT help protect plants from an advective freeze? using large fans in an orchard now cover placing a cone over a rose burying canes under mounded soil - ANS-using large fans in an orchard Which of the following are true about plants and light? Select all that apply? provides energy for photosynthesis affects plant morphology is a trigger for many plant processes is both a photon and a wave increases respiration rates - ANS-provides energy for photosynthesis affects plant morphology is a trigger for many plant processes is both a photon and a wave The three measures of light that are important in horticulture are ____________ or wavelength, ____________ or intensity and duration or____________. - ANS-quality quantity photoperiod True or false? Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light equally well. - ANS-False CAM plant - ANS-fixes carbon dioxide at night and stores it so that it can photosynthesize during the day with the stomates closed C4 plant - ANS-fixes carbon dioxide in bundle sheath cells near the stomates; experiences less photorespiration C3 [lant - ANS-struggles with photorespiration when temperatures are high and stomates are closed ____________ occurs when light is withheld from a plant. The plants look pale yellow or whitish because ____________ breaks down in the absence of light. - ANS-etiolation chlorophylls ____________light controls phototropisms and circadian rhythms, while ____________ is responsible for seed germination, photoperiod and plant nastic movements. - ANS- blue Red Campus security must enter your teaching greenhouse at night for routine patrols. You have a poinsettia crop (short-day plant) growing in the greenhouse in October. You and
Which of the following is NOT a way that plants have adapted to reduce transpiration? reduced waxing of cuticles reduce leaf size silver hairs on leaves modify leaf shape - ANS-reduced waxing of cuticles Which of the following is most likely to be a closed irrigation system? drip system in a flower bed center pivot in a field of pumpkins ebb and flood greenhouse bench underground sprinkler system on campus - ANS-ebb and flood greenhouse bench Why do overwatering and drought stress display similar symptoms in a plant? - ANS- because even though the mechanism causing it is different, the result is that the plant cannot take up water in either case Which of the following is the most correct statement about water stress for plants? different plants/crops has different critical periods where water stress is the most damaging as long as it isn't severe, water stress does not affect plant growth water stress is equally damaging to all stages/periods of plant growth some stages of plant growth are more critical - ANS-different plants/crops has different critical periods where water stress is the most damaging Which of the following is not one of the zones in a properly designed xeriscape? oasis zone transitional zone arid zone desert zone - ANS-desert zone Which of the following is NOT true about salts? as salts build up in the soil, the plant has an increasingly difficult time getting water irrigation with high salt content can lead to faster accumulation of salts in a soil when water evaporates from the soil, it takes all of the salts with it most plant required nutrients are salts - ANS-when water evaporates from the soil, it takes all of the salts with it Even though there are many different instruments that can measure soil moisture, why do you think that they are rarely used to control irrigation systems? - ANS-installation can be too complex and the good ones are expensive In order to be considered an organic soil, how much organic matter must be present? - ANS-At least 20% Which of the following is NOT a function of soil in terms of plant growth? stores/provides nutrients
provides anchorage/support stores/provides water provides carbon - ANS-provides carbon Which is NOT one of the three particle sizes used to determine the texture of a mineral soil? silt dust clay sand - ANS-dust sandy soils - ANS-excessively well-drained; require frequent irrigation; subject to leaching; low in organic matter sandy loam soil - ANS-mostly sand, but enough silt and clay to hold water and nutrients; warm quickly in spring; works great for veggies and fruits loam soils - ANS-"ideal" soil texture; mellow soils; balance of all the best characteristics; preferred soil type clay soils - ANS-poorly aerated; poorly drained; easily compacted; warm slowly in spring silty loam soils - ANS-flour-like, smooth texture; usually profitable soils, 50%+ silt Which soil pH range is the best for providing all of the necessary plant nutrients? - ANS- 6.2 to 6. Which of the following is NOT true about soil pH? Soil pH is difficult to change Soil pH affects some plant diseases Soil pH has very little impact on nutrient availability pH is determined as a soil forms in response to the climate and the parent material - ANS-Soil pH has very little impact on nutrient availability What are some ways that horticulturists can reduce or prevent soil erosion? cover crops wind breaks mulches - ANS-all of these True or False? There is no way to improve drainage in a soil. - ANS-False Why does the media used for containers rarely contain actual field soil? - ANS-Field soil is too poorly drained Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good plant container? Must be shippable
true or False? The C:N ratio of a compost or organic residue isn't important. The main thing is just adding organic matter! - ANS-False If I have 100 lb bag of a 10-10-10 fertilizer, how many pounds of nitrogen does the bag contain? (Enter only a number with no units) - ANS- Which of the following is not a method of fertilizer application? broadcasting banding side-dressing balancing - ANS-balancing true or false? Foliar applications are more commonly used for micronutrient deficiencies than for other nutrient deficiencies. - ANS-True A large organic molecule that encloses a metal like iron or zinc and prevents it from being tied up in the soil is called a: - ANS-chelator If hydroponics is so great, why aren't more plants grown using hydroponics? Hydroponics is usually done inside a greenhouse Hydroponics is usually more costly Hydroponics requires more careful management - ANS-all of these Which of the following is NOT an advantage of mulches? increases labor prevents weed growth prevents evaporation Modifies temperatures - ANS-increases labor true or false? Mulches are often used to keep fruits clean. - ANS-true Which of the following is NOT an advantage of mulches? (separate question) Keeps rodents out of your yard Protects trees from mower and trimmer blight Reduces erosion Makes landscapes look better - ANS-keeps rodents out of your yard Which plastic mulch warms the soil the most? - ANS-clear true or false? Mulches are useless in containerized crops. - ANS-false true or false? Water is very often the limiting factor for plant growth even though 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with water. - ANS-true Which plant material likely has the most water in it?
Oak tree stump Herbaceous perennial leaves Vine-ripened tomato Pine needles - ANS-Vine-ripened tomato Which physical property of water is primarily responsible for the lake effect? specific heat universal solvent polar molecule cohesion - ANS-specific heat Which physical property of water is responsible for much of the nutrient uptake within a plant? - ANS-cohesion When water __________ through the stomates of plant leaves a "pull" or negative potential is created. As a result, water moves from the soil into the plant and out through the leaves in a process called __________. The combination of (the process you just named) and evaporation from the soil surface are combined to determine the total water loss from the soil. This total water loss is called __________ and it serves as one method of determining how much irrigation must be applied. Both of these last 2 processes occur more rapidly when the __________ in the air is reduced. - ANS- evaporates transpiration evapotranspiration humidity The point at which a plant has wilted so much that it CANNOT recover is called ___________________. - ANS-permanent wilting point true or false? Most water uptake occurs in the root tips because there is little resistance to the movement of water there and there is a low total surface area there. - ANS-false Water moves freely across membranes while other compounds may not. This allows membranes to function as ______________. However, membranes can also move specific nutrients across and into the plant using energy in a process called ______________. - ANS-filters active transport Which of the following is NOT an example of using water for temperature control in horticulture? fan and pad cooling systems adding anti-transpirants misting a plant or an entire greenhouse syringing of high value turf - ANS-adding anti-transpirants
