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fluid balance
returns fluid from interstitial space to circulation; enters lymphatic capillaries, forming lymph TERM 2
chyle
DEFINITION 2 Chyle (from the Greek word chylos, meaning juice) is a milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, or free fatty acids (FFAs). TERM 3
fat
absorption
DEFINITION 3 absorb fats & other fat-soluble substances from digestive system via lacteals TERM 4
lacteals
DEFINITION 4 A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. TERM 5
defense
DEFINITION 5 organs/tissues serve as filters removing microbes & foreign substances cells provide immunological defense against disease-causing agents
lymphatic capillaries
Lymph capillaries or lymphatic capillaries are tiny thin-walled vessels that are closed at one end and are located in the spaces between cells throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, and in non-vascular tissues. TERM 7
lymph node
DEFINITION 7 A lymph node is a small ball-shaped organ of the immune system, distributed widely throughout the body including the armpit and stomach/gut and linked by lymphatic vessels. TERM 8
Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses:
DEFINITION 8 are nonselect and act immediately; does not distinguish one threat from another; present at birth (1&2) TERM 9
first line of defense
DEFINITION 9 skin and mucosadefenses at body surface external body membranes TERM 10
second line of defense
DEFINITION 10 utilize antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes & other specialized cells that act to inhibit further invasion; includes inflammation; is signaled by chemicals released when 1st line of defense is penetrated
activation of innate immunity
distinguishes between self, the bodys own cells, and invading/ foreign organisms/molecules TERM 17
PAMPs
DEFINITION 17 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMPs, are molecules associated with groups of pathogens, that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system. TERM 18
toll-like R
DEFINITION 18 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. recognize specific class of invading organisms once activated, release cytokines TERM 19
phagocyte
DEFINITION 19 Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. TERM 20
neutrophils
DEFINITION 20 most abundant phagocytic upon encounter with foreign intruder 1st to enter infected area, are mobile & quick to phagocytize
mononuclear phagocyte system
The mononuclear phagocyte system is a part of the immune system that consists of the phagocytic cells located in reticular connective tissue. monocytes in blood and macrophage when in tissues TERM 22
organ-specific phagocytes of liver, spleen,
lymph nodes, lungs & brain
DEFINITION 22 microglia in brain tissue kupffer cells in liver TERM 23
chemokines
DEFINITION 23 create a chemical trail for phagocytes to follow TERM 24
chemotaxis
DEFINITION 24 chemical trail phagocytes follow TERM 25
fever
DEFINITION 25 an abnormally high body temperature. resetting the bodys thermostat in the hypothalamus. accomplished by the release of pyrogens from activated macrophages & leukocytes when exposed to foreign substances (referrred to as endogenous pyrogens) fever causes an increase in bodys metabolism, thus accelerating repair processes & impacts bacterial replication
haptens
A hapten is a small molecule that can elicit an immune response only when attached to a large carrier such as a protein; the carrier may be one that also does not elicit an immune response by itself. are not immunogenic but reactive & bind with other proteins, making them foreign TERM 32
immunocompetence
DEFINITION 32 Immunocompetence is the ability of the body to produce a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen. TERM 33
immunological
tolerance
DEFINITION 33 Immune tolerance or immunological tolerance is the process by which the immune system does not attack an antigen. TERM 34
Functions of B lymphocytes
DEFINITION 34 exposure of B cells to appropriate Ag initiates growth, forming memory cells (impt in active immunity) and plasma cells (produce Abs specific to Ag) TERM 35
complement
DEFINITION 35 represent group of plasma proteins, inactive in circulation upon activation, via either the classical or alternative pathway, final product is a MAC, that causes cell lysis in addition, other fragments created which serve to initiate chemotaxis, phagocytosis & histamine release
Functions of T lymphocytes
T cells are a diverse lot and more complex than B cells in both classification & function T cells most efficient against microorganisms that live inside the cells of the body TERM 37
granzymes
DEFINITION 37 Granzymes are serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. TERM 38
T lymphocyte activation
DEFINITION 38 T cell R does not recognize free Ag thus Ag must be presented to a T cell via an APC, or Ag-presenting cell TERM 39
Histocompatibility Antigens
DEFINITION 39 represent cellular identity tags, genetic markers of biological self TERM 40
inflammation
DEFINITION 40 a localized event, involves aspects of innate & adaptive immunity neutrophils 1st to scene, release chemical signals to recruit other immune cells. as immune cells gear up for combat & then clean up, a variety of chemicals are released that lead to the characteristic signs of inflammation: redness & warmth (histamine-stimulated VD), swelling (edema) and pain is a protective response, designed to contain & eliminate harmful intruders
