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The dimensions of feminism and its critique of 'malestream' criminology. It discusses the development of criminological theory and the impact of feminism on both theory and criminal justice practice. liberal, Marxist/Socialist, and radical feminist thought and their shared concerns regarding gender inequalities and the gender blindness of criminology.
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“Our knowledge is still in its infancy. In comparison with the massive documentation on all aspects of male delinquency and criminality, the amount of work carried out on the area of women and crime is extremely limited” Carol Smart (1977) Women, Crime and Criminology
Over 20:1 Sexual Offences (74:1) Burglary (24:1) Over 5:1 Motoring Offences (19:1) Robbery (12.75: 1) Criminal Damage (10:1) Drugs Offences (9.3:1) Violence against the person (5.3:1) Under 5:1 Fraud and Forgery (2.8:1) Robbery (2.7:1) Theft and handling stolen good (2.6:1) Women in majority
TV licence evasion 0.5: Prostitution 0.01:
Ratio of male to female offenders found guilty:
selected offences
Source: Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System 2004/05 http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/s95women0405.pdf
Feminist critique of
“Malestream” Criminology
Questions posed for Criminological
theory
Situation Reaction Response
Men Work/Status Strain Fairness of Outcome
Anger; need to rectify; moral outrage
Crime
Women Personal Strain Fairness of Procedure
Sadness; Depression; Fear; anxiety
Self-destructive deviance eg. Eating disorders; drug use
John Hagan: Power-Control Theory
Different Work Patterns For Mothers and Fathers Different Levels of Gender authority in workplace and
power in the home
Different Parenting styles For boys and girls
Gendered Patterns of Risk Different Patterns ofDelinquency amongst boys and girls
Changes over time have seen these gender distinctions reduce
“Free-floating” patriarchal Ideologies of control
Prevalence of violent crime victimisation,
by gender and age (BCS 2000)
Little evidence from the British Crime Survey that women are more likely to suffer personal crime
BUT, this is a relatively narrow definition of personal crime
Age Male Female
All ages 5.0% 3.0%
16-24 18.8% 8.7%
a focus on “conventional crime”