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Heart anatomy, conduction system, cardiac cycle, cardiac muscle contraction
Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps
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Chambers:
Right & left atrium: Receive blood Right & left ventricle: pump blood away Right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood Left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood
Vessels:
Superior & inferior vena cava: receives blood and drains to the right atrium Pulmonary trunk: splits into pulmonary arteries & carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Pulmonary veins: deliver oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium Aorta: delivers oxygenated blood to systemic circulation
Valves:
Prevents the back flow of blood Right AV valve (tricuspid): between the right atrium & right ventricle Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral): between the left atrium & left ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve: between the right ventricle & pulmonary trunk Aortic semilunar valve: between the left ventricle & the aorta
Internal structures:
Coronary sinus: returns deoxygenated to the right atrium Fossa ovalis: former location of the foramen ovale in a fetus to bypass blood circulation to the lungs. Papillary muscle: in the ventricles of the heart that contract and open the valves Chordae tendoneae: anchor the papillary muscle to the valves Septum: separates the two sides of the heart
Cardiac vs skeletal muscle: Cardiac has a longer refractory peroid Cardiac has a longer action potential Cardiac cannot reach tetany
2. Isovolumetric contraction: Atria relax Greater atrial pressure & less arterial trunk pressure AV valves closed & semilunar valves close 3. Ventricular ejection: Atria relax & ventricles contract Greater atrial pressure & greater arterial trunk pressure AV valves closed & semilunar open 4. Isovolumetric relaxation: Atria relax & ventricles relax Greater atrial pressure & less arterial trunk pressure AV valves closed & semilunar closed 5. Atrial relaxation & ventricular filling Atria relax & ventricles relax Less atrial pressure & arterial trunk pressure AV valves open & semilunar valves close
P wave : shows the electoral changes of atrial depolarization QRS complex : shows the ventricular depolarization T wave : shows the ventricular repolarization
: associated with the atrial plateau when cardiac muscles contract
P-Q segment
: ventricular plateau when cardiac muscles contract
S-T segment
: beins at the at the P wave to the beginning of QRS complex. Its the time required to transmit an action potential through the conduction system
P-R interval
: begins at the QRS complex & extends to the end of the T wave. Its the time thats required for the action potential to occur in the ventricles
Q-T interval
amount of blood that is pumped by a single ventricle
Cardiac output:
Stroke volume: volume of blood ejected by one beat Heart rate: number of beats per minute amount of blood remaining in the ventricle at rest
End diastolic volume:
blood remaining in a ventricle at the end of contraction
End systolic volume:
volume of blood returned to the heart from the great veins
Venous return:
stretch of the heart wall due to the load of the cardiac muscle
Preload:
resistance in arteries to the ejection of blood by the ventricles & is the pressure of blood that has to be exceeded before blood is ejected from the chamber
Afterload:
states that the as volume of blood entering the heart increases there is a greater preload
Frank-Starling Law:
Arteries : carry blood away from the heart
Veins : carry blood away from the heart
3 layers : Tunica externa: areolar connective tissue Tunica media: smooth muscle, thickest layer Tunica interna: endothelium
3 layers: Tunica externa: areolar connective tissue, thickest layer Tunica media: smooth muscle Tunica interna: endothelium
Narrower lumen than veins Thicker than Retains shape without blood More elastic and collagen that veins Higher blood pressure
Wider than artery lumen Thinner than artery Doesn't retain shape without blood Lower blood pressure
Diameter <100 micrometers Have all 3 tunics
Slightly larger than erythrocytes Allow exchange of materials between blood and tissues
Diameter range from .3 mm-10 micrometers Fewer than six layers of smooth muscle in tunica media