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The documets contain brief details of introduction to psychology, Summaries of Psychology

The contents of the PPTs contain a very informative and brief knowledge of General Psychology.

Typology: Summaries

2022/2023

Uploaded on 03/15/2023

temarikahsay2006
temarikahsay2006 🇺🇸

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Mizan-Tepi University
College of social science and humanities
Department of psychology
Prepared by: Kahsay B. (MSc)
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Mizan-Tepi University

College of social science and humanities Department of psychology Prepared by: Kahsay B. (MSc)

Psychology

  • (^) ‘Psyche’ refers to “mind”, or “soul”, while “logos” refers to study
  • (^) Current agreed up on definition is;
  • (^) Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and the underlying mental - (^) Science: scientific procedures and use empirical data to study behavior and mental processes

Goals of Psychology

  • (^) Description
    • (^) Observing the behavior and noticing everything about it
      • (^) What? Where? To whom?
  • (^) Explanation:
    • (^) Why is it happening?
  • (^) Prediction:
    • (^) Determining what will happen in the future
  • (^) Control: modify or change the behavior

Historical Background and Major Perspectives

  • (^) 125 years old
  • (^) 1879 in Leipzig, Germany Wilhelm Wundt established a lab
  • (^) Developed the technique of introspection
    • (^) "father of modern psychology”

• Introspection: Looking inward (i.e., examining

and reporting your thoughts, feelings, etc.)

Early schools of psychology

  • (^) Gestalt psychology
    • (^) Study of the whole mind
    • (^) how sensations are assembled into meaning perceptual experiences
    • (^) "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
  • (^) Behaviorism
    • (^) John B. Watson
    • (^) Study of observable and measurable behavior and nothing more about hidden mental processes

Early schools of psychology

  • (^) Mind is like soul we cant measure, observe or locate it so it cant be subject of scientific study
  • (^) Behaviorism had three other important characteristics
    • (^) Conditioned response as the building blocks of behavior
    • (^) Learned rather than unlearned behaviors
    • (^) Focus on animal behavior

Early schools of psychology

  • (^) Unconscious contains: hidden wishes, passions, guilty secrets,
  • (^) Becomes visible in dreams, slips of tongue, jokes
  • (^) hypnosis and Dream analysis
  • (^) These schools basically differ in terms of three issues - (^) In their object of study, In their goal and In their method

Modern schools Cont’d

  • (^) Behavioral Perspective
    • (^) Emphasizes the role learning experiences play in shaping behavior
    • (^) how the environment affects the person‘s actions
    • (^) Sometimes called the "black box“ --- what goes and out
    • (^) Only interested in the effects of the environment (input) on behavior (output)

Modern schools Cont’d

  • (^) Humanistic Perspective
    • (^) Human behavior is not determined
    • (^) Uniqueness of human beings and focuses on human values and subjective experiences
    • (^) Places greater importance on the individual‘s free will
  • (^) Cognitive Perspective; emphasizes what goes on in people's heads - (^) how people reason, remember, understand language, solve problems - (^) how people's thoughts and explanations affect their actions, feelings, and choices

Branches/Sub Fields of Psychology

  • (^) Developmental psychology
  • (^) Personality Psychology
  • (^) Social Psychology
  • (^) Industrial psychology
  • (^) Forensic psychology
  • (^) Clinical Psychology
  • (^) Counseling Psychology

Research Methods in Psychology

  • (^) Scientific method
    • (^) Testing ideas through systematic observations, experimentations, and statistical analysis

• Theory

  • (^) Set of principles intended to describe and explain some aspects of experience

• Hypotheses; tentative proposition about the

relationship between two or more variables

Research methods Cont’d

  • (^) Case study
    • (^) Individual is studied in great detail
    • (^) Provides tremendous amount of data about a single case or individual
    • (^) Disadvantage is generalization
  • (^) Survey
    • (^) Collect data from a very large group of people
    • (^) Advantage is it uses representative sample

Research methods Cont’d

  • (^) Correlational research
    • (^) Measures the relationship between two or more variables
    • (^) It doesn‘t prove causation
    • (^) Shows the direction and magnitude of the relationship
    • (^) -1 shows a perfect negative correlation while +1 shows perfect positive
    • (^) -1 and +1 correlation coefficient are equally strong