Download The Colonization of the Americas: Diverse Cultures, Conflicting Visions and more Exams History in PDF only on Docsity!
HY 103 Brasher Test 1 | 100% Correct |
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How did the "first Americans" get here and what accounts for the diversity of their cultures? - ✔✔The "first Americans" got here by land bridge. They followed mastodons for food when the water levels were low. They are so diverse because of the climates where they settled: Fertile Mexican climate created trading and wealth for Aztecs/Mayans/Incas. Great plains created a roaming culture because they migrated to follow animals. How and why did Native-American concepts of land usage differ from that of Europeans? - ✔✔Native Americans believe in many gods and that these Gods live in nature, so they could only use the land to survive. Enriching yourself off the land would make the Gods mad. Europeans thought the land was made for them to use by their God, so they took it. What were the motivations that first brought Spanish explorers to the New World? What were they looking for? - ✔✔When Portugal found a better route to the far east for trade (went around Africa), the Portuguese became very rich, so Spain wanted to do the same. They were looking for a shorter route going through the West. Others like Cortez, Pizarro, and Ponce de Lion came looking for wealth in gold/silver. Which nations had the most success in creating a profitable New World empire prior to the 1600's? How and why? - ✔✔Spain had great success in the New World by defeating Indian tribes with their enemies and germs. They made a lot of money off trade and spread their religion. France settled in Canada and traded fur with the natives. Understand England's failures in trying to get into the colony business. - ✔✔England was going through a lot of drama with the Protestant reformation/Bloody mary/Protestant elizabeth. Frobisher failed twice (fool's gold), Gilbert got lost at sea, Raleigh picked up Gilbert's mission and established Roanoke which disappeared after 2 years. Leads to Spain thinking they are weak so they attack (Spanish Armada) ***In regards to colonization, what did Spain, France, and England each have at the start of the 1600s? - ✔✔England had Jamestown, France had Canada area, and Spanish had Florida What were the conclusions to this lecture (in other words, what did all of this stuff prove?) - ✔✔Europeans felt justified taking land because of their religious differences. In doing so, Spain and
France built mighty empires. England lagged behind, but had a strong belief that one more try might do the trick with God on their side. Why did James I grant a charter to the Virginia company? Where did they settle and why? Explain the reasons for the hardships they encountered. - ✔✔James I gave VA a charter to try and win the devotion of his people and be a respected king. They settled where they landed in Chesapeake Bay. The leadership was the white male land owners, aka "gentlemen." They never worked and were unfair to those who did. Sluggish environment made for bacteria ridden water, sickness, and death. Chief Powhatan also did not want them to become self sufficient, so he forced them to stay in their fort, causing even more sickness and death What things happened that changed the fortunes of the colony? - ✔✔Thomas Dale came and said if you don't work, you don't eat. Rolfe married Pocahontas and solved the Indian problem, and they found their profit in tobacco. What crop did they find that would be profitable, and how did that crop shape their settlement patterns and society (tobacco culture)? - ✔✔Tobacco was their profit in the new world. Tobacco culture created import/export economy, spread out land, anxious elite think now that everyone has land they are less important, so they made dress codes and tried to fight public school to be the only educated ones Why did the Virginia Company collapse, and in what ways was the colony of Virginia a model colony for the other southern colonies? - ✔✔the VA company collapsed when the English looked into the colony amidst the race war. They found out they were cheating their investors and 8/10 were dead. So they took away their charter and made them royal colony. They got to keep their land rights and legislature Consider the Puritans. What did they believe and what were they trying to do? How did their hopes for the New World differ from those of Virginia? - ✔✔Puritans are purified catholics. They are congregationalists, believe in predestination, covenant theology (if the community pleases God, you will be blessed). Separatists wanted out of the Church of England and away from sinful Charles I. Their goal was to create a city upon a hill to set a good example for England. Sense of mission today comes from their sense of mission to save the world. In what ways did their religion effect the ways that they settled and lived their lives? - ✔✔Due to their theology, they want the church in the center and homes and businesses to look for sinners and visible saints. They also have biblical laws to try and keep the covenant with God. Making sin illegal= legislating morality. Supported public education because boredom leads to sin.
Original founder of NY/NJ? What were their hopes for the colony? Were they fulfilled and why? - ✔✔The Dutch wanted to get into the game and keep up with England's growing power. They created New Netherland at mouth of Hudson River. Capital is New Amsterdam (now Manhattan). Swedes were on the other side of the Hudson, but Dutch drove them out. Duke of York with the English get the Dutch out of there because they would stop the colonies growth. Immediately a royal colony, renamed NY and NJ Original founder of Pennsylvania? What were their hopes for the colony? Were they fulfilled and why? - ✔✔William Penn wanted to make a haven for quakers/anyone who was persecuted. The king owed his father money, so king gave him charter. It worked just as it should and all types of people fled to PA from persecution. It was a good climate, fertile, and no fighting w Indians bc they buy land not take it. Penn wanted both sides of the Delaware river so he bought Delaware from England Original founder of Georgia? What were their hopes for the colony? Were they fulfilled and why? - ✔✔Oglethorpe wanted to save those in debtors prison and make them work for new colony. King George agreed bc it would protect SC from the Spanish in FL. The debtors did not have democracy, land, alcohol, or slaves. They wanted them to turn their lives around on their own. But, he had a revolt, gave them legislature and voting rights but then they voted to break all the rules. So he gave GA back to England and made it a royal colony where anyone could come What were the conclusions to this lecture (in other words, what did all of this stuff prove? - ✔✔All the colonies except one did not accomplish the mission they had for the colony. But, they were a success for the Empire which kept growing stronger and for the people who went into the colonies and were able to make them what they wanted them to be. Why did the southern colonies have a constant need for more laborers? What attempts at attracting labor did they make? How and why did those things fail to solve their problem? - ✔✔The weather was hard and it was very hard work. They tried the head right system where you can pay for someone to come over for 50 acres of land, but people abused that. They tried indentured servants, which worked for a little but failed when there was better work available from the industrial revolution, bad rep, and Bacon's rebellion caused them to just cancel indentured servants. They tried convicts but they were bad ppl Why was Africa seen as the perfect source of slaves for the New World at this time? What differences were there between slavery as it was practiced in Africa and slavery as it existed in the New World? - ✔✔Couldn't use POW because they were christian, Indians would get sick or run away. Africans were the best laborers, immune to Euro diseases, worse climate than America, and were already available in Africa. In Africa, slaves were not inferior and you could not inherit slave status.
Describe the process for obtaining slaves and getting them to America. How many were brought? - ✔✔You had to pay tribute to the elder of the community in exchange for one of their POW. They marched slaves to the coast and sold them there. The middle passage was from Africa to US. 3/4 mo chained to each other and barely allowed to leave their own filth. Had seasoning in the West Indies to take away your desire to be an individual so they can now go to work. A conservative 20 mil went thru the passage in 400 years. About 500K came to colonies from 1700-1775 (a lot fast) What role did slave laws play in creating a legally defined racism in America? What impact did slavery have on shaping the new world and the South in particular? - ✔✔Slaves codes said they had no human rights. they did not even have the right to live. They were broadly applied to anyone with black skin making it a mark of legal inferiority then cultural inferiority. People thought blacks were less than and whites were superior. By 1775, slaves were highly concentrated in the south, so whites feared violent revolt (cultural fear of black people) What were the conclusions to this lecture (in other words, what did all of this stuff prove?) - ✔✔Africans were initially chosen with little to do with race. Slave codes made black a legal mark of inferiority, thus making it cultural. This is our race problem in America. What was new and different about colonial America? Understand its diversity. Understand the differences between different colonists. - ✔✔1000% growth rate in just 75 years. Englishmen settled on the coast, Dutch come into NY, swedes in NJ, French protestants & Spanish Jews & Germanic people in PA to escape persecution, Scotch/Irish hate England so they go to back country. Diverse religion, language, food, music, but little conflict because they didn't have to deal with each other and were happy to have land! Know the ways in which Old World cultural institutions were transformed by the colonial experience. - ✔✔The Old World England used to be dominated by the father; you get your career from your dad, not another opportunity to break away. In America, you could get cheap land and be ok without your father. Because of this, people vote and revolt if the gov takes their rights. they realize they don't have to act according to their class or what the king says. Understand the economic and political relationship between the colonies and Britain prior to 1763. What laws were in place to enforce a mercantilist system? - ✔✔John Peter Zengler changed the rule on seditious libel. Newspapers could now publish critical opinions of the government. Mercantilism wants corporate profits high; colonies can't manufacture goods and extracts raw materials for England's profit. Enforced with navigation acts: ships going to and from colonies must all be British. All ships go thru port of London so England has control over them. Industrial act says you can only sell manufactured goods within your colony.
because they just won a war for this land and have to pay for troops to enforce. Sugar Act reduced tax on sugar so Americans would stop smuggling and pay it. Coupled with the proclamation line, it looks like they are trying to get more control. Stamp act said if you had these 50 items, they had to have a British stamp so the Americans would pay a tax. One of the items was legal documents, making it unavoidable and making Americans mad. Patrick Henry said no taxation without representation: taxes need to come from their own legislatures, and when they don't it is a violation of their rights. Stamp Act congress is formed and they stop importing from British. Sons of Liberty enforce boycott and British repeal it, setting bad precedent. They also tried the Townshend duties which put a tax on lead paper paint glass and tea to "regulate their trade" He tries to make them happy and pay the royal gov's salary. Colonies get mad because they are being tricked into a tax and their leverage is taken away. They boycott again and it gets repealed. Tea Act gives British East India Tea company sole right to sell to colonies. What are some examples of violence that flamed up in the colonies? Why were the colonies in open rebellion by 1775? - ✔✔Hancock's Liberty caused riots which meant Boston needed extra troops. One nigh, sailers and soldiers were arguing and a crowd formed, eventually leading to shots fired and Boston Massacre. Because of the tea act, Boston tea party happens. When they try to get control with Intolerable Acts (closed Boston's port, took away Ma's legislature, new governor for ma) all 13 colonies join together in 1st Continental Congress and boycott again. The British do not repeal this time, and, when the gov heard Americans were stock piling weapons, he went to seize them in Concord. There were shots fired and they are now in open rebellion. What were the conclusions to this lecture (in other words, what did all of this stuff prove?) - ✔✔what are they fighting for? When they were shooting at their government's army, they were fighting for their constitutional rights as English citizens. They weren't even thinking about becoming independent.
