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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
ANS: C In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
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ANS: C The nucleus contains the nucleolus , a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
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ANS: B Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H 2 O 2 , which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases , which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 8
ANS: D
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
ANS: C
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PTS: 1 REF: Page 12 | What's New box
ANS: A Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example, insulin. Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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ANS: D Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model, the secreted chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones are used for communication with distant targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and rely on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally, neurotransmitters are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For example, a neuron might secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a muscle cell.
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ANS: A In paracrine signaling , cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
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ANS: D In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PTS: 1 REF: Page 17
ANS: D Cellular communication can occur by the binding of a chemical massager (a ligand) to a specific membrane receptor that is closely associated with the channel (e.g., G proteins). The other options do not correctly describe how cells communicate.
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ANS: B The two major second messenger pathways are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++).
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 22-
ANS: B Glycolysis produces a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the process of oxidation or the removal and transfer of a pair of electrons. The other options do not correctly identify an anaerobic process that provides energy to the cell.
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ANS: C Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The other options do not correctly identify the mechanism described in the question.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 27-
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described.
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N o
U l.
R W
SIN ha
G t
T e
B f
. f
C e
O ct
M will this fluid replacement have on cells? a. (^) Become hydrated c. (^) Shrink b. (^) Swell or burst d. (^) Divide
ANS: C A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg. An example of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline solution. Water can be pulled out of the cells by a hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. The remaining options do not correctly describe the effect identified in the stem.
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ANS: D Facilitated diffusion is the means by which glucose is transported from the blood to the cells. The remaining options do not correctly identify this process.
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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
a. (^) Passive electrolyte channels b. (^) Coupled channels c. (^) Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme d. (^) Diffusion
ANS: C The exact mechanism for the transport of Na+^ and K+^ across the membrane is uncertain. One proposal is that ATPase enzyme induces the transporter protein to undergo several conformational changes, causing Na+^ and K+^ to move short distances (see Figure 1-29). The remaining options do not correctly describe the means by which K+^ and Na+^ are transported.
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ANS: A In eukaryotic cells, secretion of macromolecules almost always occurs by exocytosis. The remaining options do not correctly describe exocytosis.
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ANS: C Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to K+^ than to Na+, K+^ can easily diffuse from its area of higher concentration in the ICF to its area of lower concentration in the ECF. Because Na+^ and K+^ are both cations, the net result is an excess of anions inside the cell, resulting in the resting membrane potential. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process that most easily diffuses K+.
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ANS: C The cellular uptake of nutrients, such as cholesterol, for example, depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nutrients are not transported via the other options.
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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ANS: C During telophase, the final stage, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. Cytokinesis causes the cytoplasm to divide into roughly equal parts during this phase. At the end of telophase, two identical diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed from the original cell.
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ANS: B Eukaryotic cells have a characteristic set of membrane-bound intracellular compartments called organelles that include a well-defined nucleus and are larger than prokaryotes. The remaining statements are not true regarding eukaryotic cells.
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ANS: A A cell has the potential to differentiation and to gain the ability to perform one of eight specialized functions. Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. Nerves cells are capable of conductivity. Cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary can secrete. Respiration is a function that all cells possess.
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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ANS: D Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve elsewhere as needed. The other options are not used to describe the function described in the stem.
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ANS: A All cells have the capacity to excrete, thus allowing them to rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. The remaining options are not functions possessed by all cells.
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MULTIPLE RESPONSE
39. What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes? (Select all that apply.) a. (^) Lipids b. (^) Sodium ions c. (^) Carbohydrates d. (^) DNA e. (^) Proteins
ANS: A, E
NURSINGTB.COM
The major chemical components of all cell membranes are lipids and proteins, but the percentage of each varies among different membranes.
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40. Which cells lose their ability to replicate and divide? (Select all that apply.) a. (^) Intestines b. Nerves c. (^) Skin d. (^) Lens of the eye e. (^) Skeletal muscle
ANS: B, D, E All types of cells undergo mitosis during the formation of the embryo, but many adult cells, such as nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lose their ability to replicate and divide. Intestines and skin cells retain their ability to replicate and divide.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
D. Lysosomes
Match the structure with its functi N o U n. R A SI n N s G w T e B rs .C m O a M y be used more than once. A. Passive-mediated transport B. Active-mediated transport C. Osmosis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
ANS: A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
ANS: B Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes a less differentiated cell type. The best example of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The other options do not accurately describe the event in the question.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 54
ANS: C A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium (Na+–K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusiNoUnRoSfINpoGtTaBss.CiuOmMout of the cell. (The Na+–K+^ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
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PTS: 1 REF: Page 53
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting the synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The remaining options do not accurately describe the consequence of lysosomal enzyme leakage during chemical injury.
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PTS: 1 REF: Page 66
ANS: A Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction, also known as programmed cell death, which is implicated in normal and pathologic tissue changes. The remaining options do not accurately describe the characteristics of apoptosis. PTS: 1 REF: Page 91
ANS: A Alterations in calcium may play a crucial role in the interference with neurotransmitters, which may cause hyperactive behavior and the proliferation of capillaries of the white matter and intercerebral arteries. The remaining options do not accurately describe the effects of lead poisoning of the nervous system.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 66
ANS: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Because carbon monoxide’s affinity for hemoglobin is 200 times greater than that of oxygen, it quickly binds with the hemoglobin, preventing oxygen molecules from doing so. The remaining options do not accurately describe the means by which carbon monoxide damages tissue.
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ANS: D Acute alcoholism mainly affects the central nervous system but may induce reversible hepatic and gastric changes. Other systems may evidentially be affected by chronic alcoholism.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 68
ANS: C In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism and a loss of ATP pNrUoRdSuIcNtiGoTnB. .NCoOrMmally, the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP and ATPase, the active-transport enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia, reduced ATP and ATPase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water into the cell. (Transport mechanisms are described in Chapter 1.) The remaining options do not accurately describe the cell injury that results in increased osmotic pressure caused by hypoxia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 84
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
from the liver to the gallbladder b. (^) Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins c. (^) Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins d. (^) Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids
ANS: B Lipid accumulation in liver cells occurs after cellular injury sets the following mechanisms in motion: increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids (increases in the enzyme, -glycerophosphatase, which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis) and decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins). The other options do not accurately describe this event.
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ANS: A Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred to the cells from the bloodstream, causes hemoprotein accumulations in cells. Hemoglobin, albumin, or amino acids will not cause hemoprotein accumulations.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 86 NURSINGTB.COM
ANS: C Hemosiderosis is a condition that occurs only when excess iron is stored as hemosiderin in the cells of many organs and tissues.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 86
ANS: D If abnormal direct damage occurs to membranes or ATP is depleted, then calcium increases in the cytosol. The other options do not accurately describe the cause of free calcium in cytosol to damage cell membranes.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 57-58 | Page 87 | Figure 2-
ANS: A Two types of hearing loss are associated with noise: (1) acoustic trauma or instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound (e.g., gunfire), and (2) noise-induced hearing loss, the more common type, which is the result of prolonged exposure to intense sound (e.g., noise associated with the workplace and leisure-time activities). The remaining options are not related to noise but rather to the amplitude of the sound.
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ANS: B Liquefactive necrosis commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain. The other types of necrosis are not related to ischemic injuries in the brain.
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ANS: B Caseous necrosis , which commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. The other types of necrosis are not observed in pulmonary tuberculosis.
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ANS: B Wet gangrene develops only when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 91