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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Chapter 1: Cellular Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? a. (^) Cells can produce proteins. c. (^) Cells can take in and use nutrients. b. (^) Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. d. (^) Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
- Most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, is contained in the: a. (^) Mitochondria c. (^) Nucleolus b. (^) Ribosome d. (^) Lysosome
ANS: C The nucleus contains the nucleolus , a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The other options do not contain most of a cell’s genetic information.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 2
- Which component of the cell prodNuUceRsSIhNyGdTroBg.CenOMperoxide (H 2 O 2 ) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? a. (^) Lysosomes c. (^) Ribosomes b. (^) Peroxisomes d. (^) Oxyhydrosomes
ANS: B Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H 2 O 2 , which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases , which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Oxyhydrosomes are involved in enzyme production.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 8
- Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? a. (^) Ribosome c. (^) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. (^) Golgi complex d. (^) Lysosomes
ANS: D
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self-digestion. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 7-
- What is the sequence of steps in the development of a digestive enzyme by the pancreas cells from the initial transcription to the release from the cell? a. (^) The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. b. (^) The enzyme is transcribed from RNA by DNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the lysosome for synthesis, and is transported in an encapsulated membrane to the cell membrane. c. (^) The enzyme is transcribed by the mitochondria in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. d. (^) The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the Golgi complex for synthesis, and is transported in a cytosol to the cell membrane. ANS: A The enzyme is transcribed from DNA by RNA in the nucleus, proceeds to the ribosome for synthesis, and is transported in a secretory vesicle to the cell membrane. The other options do not correctly describe this process. NURSINGTB.COM PTS: 1 REF: Page 7 | Figure 1-
- During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized? a. (^) G 1 c. G 2 b. (^) S d. (^) M ANS: B The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G 1 phase (G = gap), which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G 2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
- What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? a. (^) Lipids c. (^) Proteins b. (^) Proteases d. (^) Carbohydrates
ANS: C
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PTS: 1 REF: Page 12 | What's New box
- Which form of cell communication is used to communicate within the cell itself and with other cells in direct physical contact? a. (^) Protein channel (gap junction) b. (^) Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) c. (^) Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. (^) Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: A Cells communicate by using hundreds of kinds of signal molecules, for example, insulin. Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
- Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance away? a. (^) Paracrine c. (^) Neurotransmitter b. (^) Autocrine d. (^) Hormonal
ANS: D Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) hormone, and (3) neurotransmitter. In the local-chemical mediator model, the secreted chemical acts on the cells in the immediate environment. Hormones are used for communication with distant targetNcUeRllSsI.NFGoTrBe.xCaOmMple, cells can secrete a chemical and rely on the blood system to deliver the signal to a distant cell. Finally, neurotransmitters are secreted by neurons to stimulate an adjoining cell. For example, a neuron might secrete acetylcholine to stimulate the movement of a muscle cell.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
- Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized? a. (^) Paracrine c. (^) Neurotransmitter b. (^) Autocrine d. (^) Hormone
ANS: A In paracrine signaling , cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 20
- Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to: a. (^) Lipids c. (^) Amphipathic lipids b. (^) Ribosomes d. (^) Receptors
ANS: D In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its receptors. The other options do not correctly describe this process.
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
PTS: 1 REF: Page 17
- How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them? a. (^) Protein channel (gap junction) b. (^) Plasma membrane–bound signaling molecules (involving receptors) c. (^) Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters d. (^) Chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: D Cellular communication can occur by the binding of a chemical massager (a ligand) to a specific membrane receptor that is closely associated with the channel (e.g., G proteins). The other options do not correctly describe how cells communicate.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 21-
- When a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by which one? a. (^) Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) c. (^) Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) b. (^) Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) d. (^) Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)
ANS: B The two major second messenger pathways are cyclic AMP (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++).
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 22-
- Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell? a. (^) Oxidative phosphorylation (^) TcB..COLMactolysis b. (^) Glycolysis d. (^) Passive transport
ANS: B Glycolysis produces a net of two molecules of ATP per glucose molecule through the process of oxidation or the removal and transfer of a pair of electrons. The other options do not correctly identify an anaerobic process that provides energy to the cell.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 28
- What is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is transferred to adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? a. (^) Anaerobic glycolysis c. (^) Oxidative phosphorylation b. (^) Oxidative cellular metabolism d. (^) Tricarboxylic acid phosphorylation
ANS: C Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. The other options do not correctly identify the mechanism described in the question.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 27-
- Passive transport is best described with which statement? a. (^) Being driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion b. (^) Involving receptors that can bind with substances being transported
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. In the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30 mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-
- Why is osmolality preferred over osmolarity as the measurement of osmotic activity in the clinical assessment of individuals? a. (^) Plasma contains sodium and chloride, which influence the volume of solution. b. (^) Volume affects perfusion more than the weight of solutes. c. (^) More of the weight of plasma is influenced by solutes, such as protein and glucose, rather than by water. d. (^) Osmotic activity depends on the concentration of solutes present in plasma, such as proteins and glucose. ANS: C In plasma, less of the plasma weight is water; therefore the overall concentration of particles is greater. The osmolality will be greater than the osmolarity because of the smaller proportion of water. Osmolality is thus the preferred measure of osmotic activity in clinical assessment of individuals.
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- A patient who has diarrhea receives a 3% saline solution intravenously to replace the sodium and chloride lost in the sto
N o
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SIN ha
G t
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B f
. f
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O ct
M will this fluid replacement have on cells? a. (^) Become hydrated c. (^) Shrink b. (^) Swell or burst d. (^) Divide
ANS: C A hypertonic solution has a concentration of greater than 285 to 294 mOsm/kg. An example of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline solution. Water can be pulled out of the cells by a hypertonic solution; therefore the cells shrink. The remaining options do not correctly describe the effect identified in the stem.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 31
- The transport of glucose from the blood to the cell is accomplished by which process? a. (^) Active-mediated transport (active transport) b. (^) Active diffusion c. (^) Passive osmosis d. (^) Passive-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
ANS: D Facilitated diffusion is the means by which glucose is transported from the blood to the cells. The remaining options do not correctly identify this process.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 31-
- Potassium and sodium are transported across plasma membranes by:
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
a. (^) Passive electrolyte channels b. (^) Coupled channels c. (^) Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme d. (^) Diffusion
ANS: C The exact mechanism for the transport of Na+^ and K+^ across the membrane is uncertain. One proposal is that ATPase enzyme induces the transporter protein to undergo several conformational changes, causing Na+^ and K+^ to move short distances (see Figure 1-29). The remaining options do not correctly describe the means by which K+^ and Na+^ are transported.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 32-
- What occurs during exocytosis? a. (^) Macromolecules can be secreted across eukaryotic cell membranes. b. (^) All substances are secreted into the cellular matrix. c. (^) No repairs in the plasma membrane can take place. d. Solute molecules flow freely into and out of the cell.
ANS: A In eukaryotic cells, secretion of macromolecules almost always occurs by exocytosis. The remaining options do not correctly describe exocytosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 35-
- Why is it possible for potassium to diffuse easily into and out of cells? a. (^) Potassium has a greater conceNntUraRtSioINnGinTBth.CeOiMntracellular fluid (ICF). b. (^) Sodium has a greater concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF). c. (^) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium. d. (^) An excess of anions are inside the cell.
ANS: C Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to K+^ than to Na+, K+^ can easily diffuse from its area of higher concentration in the ICF to its area of lower concentration in the ECF. Because Na+^ and K+^ are both cations, the net result is an excess of anions inside the cell, resulting in the resting membrane potential. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process that most easily diffuses K+.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 36
- The cellular uptake of the nutrient cholesterol depends on which process? a. (^) Receptor-mediated exocytosis c. (^) Receptor-mediated endocytosis b. (^) Antiport system d. (^) Passive transport
ANS: C The cellular uptake of nutrients, such as cholesterol, for example, depends on receptor-mediated endocytosis. Nutrients are not transported via the other options.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 33
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
ANS: C During telophase, the final stage, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46 chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. Cytokinesis causes the cytoplasm to divide into roughly equal parts during this phase. At the end of telophase, two identical diploid cells, called daughter cells, have been formed from the original cell.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
- Which statement is true about eukaryotic cells? a. (^) They lack distinct nucleus. b. (^) They contain compartments called organelles. c. (^) They lack an encasing nuclear membrane. d. (^) They are smaller than the typical prokaryote cell.
ANS: B Eukaryotic cells have a characteristic set of membrane-bound intracellular compartments called organelles that include a well-defined nucleus and are larger than prokaryotes. The remaining statements are not true regarding eukaryotic cells.
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- Which statement is true about phagocytosis? a. (^) Phagocytosis is an example of exocytosis. b. (^) Phagocytosis is dependent on small vesicles. c. (^) Phagocytosis involves the ingestion of bacteria. d. (^) Phagocytosis focuses on solute molecules. NURSINGTB.COM ANS: C In phagocytosis, the large molecular substances are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell so that they can be isolated and destroyed by lysosomal enzymes. Two types of endocytosis are designated, based on the size of the vesicle formed. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) involves the ingestion of fluids and solute molecules through the formation of small vesicles, and phagocytosis (cell eating) involves the ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, through formation of large vesicles (also called vacuoles ). Phagocytosis in an example of endocytosis, not exocytosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 33-
- A muscle cell possesses which specialized function? a. Movement c. Secretion b. (^) Conductivity d. (^) Respiration
ANS: A A cell has the potential to differentiation and to gain the ability to perform one of eight specialized functions. Muscle cells can generate forces that produce motion. Nerves cells are capable of conductivity. Cells of the adrenal gland, testis, and ovary can secrete. Respiration is a function that all cells possess.
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TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- When a mucous gland cell creates a new substance from previously absorbed material, this process is known as which specialized cellular function? a. (^) Excretion c. (^) Reproduction b. (^) Metabolic absorption d. (^) Secretion
ANS: D Certain cells, such as mucous gland cells, can synthesize new substances from substances they absorb and then secrete the new substances to serve elsewhere as needed. The other options are not used to describe the function described in the stem.
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- All cells are capable of what process? a. (^) Excretion c. (^) Metabolic absorption b. (^) Movement d. (^) Continuous division
ANS: A All cells have the capacity to excrete, thus allowing them to rid themselves of waste products resulting from the metabolic breakdown of nutrients. The remaining options are not functions possessed by all cells.
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MULTIPLE RESPONSE
39. What are the major chemical components of the cell membranes? (Select all that apply.) a. (^) Lipids b. (^) Sodium ions c. (^) Carbohydrates d. (^) DNA e. (^) Proteins
ANS: A, E
NURSINGTB.COM
The major chemical components of all cell membranes are lipids and proteins, but the percentage of each varies among different membranes.
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40. Which cells lose their ability to replicate and divide? (Select all that apply.) a. (^) Intestines b. Nerves c. (^) Skin d. (^) Lens of the eye e. (^) Skeletal muscle
ANS: B, D, E All types of cells undergo mitosis during the formation of the embryo, but many adult cells, such as nerve cells, lens cells of the eye, and muscle cells, lose their ability to replicate and divide. Intestines and skin cells retain their ability to replicate and divide.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 37
TEXT BANK MCCANCE HUETHER PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAMINATION STUDY GUIDE UPDATED EDITION 2022 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
D. Lysosomes
- Packages and transports proteins.
- Fuses with the plasma membrane to release contents from the cell.
- Synthesizes and transports lipids.
- Provides energy to digest proteins into amino acids.
- ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Pages 5- MSC: The endoplasmic reticulum (endo = within; plasma = cytoplasm; reticulum = network) is a membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles.
- ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Pages 6- MSC: Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles that collect at the end of the membranous folds of the Golgi bodies. The secretory vesicles then break off from the Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and extracellular destinations, including the plasma membrane. The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, and their contents are released from the cell.
- ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Pages 5- MSC: The endoplasmic reticulum (endo = within; plasma = cytoplasm; reticulum = network) is a membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cell's organelles.
- ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Page 7 MSC: Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system (see Figure 1-6). Lysosomal enzymes are capable of digesting most cellular constituents down to their basic forms, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars.
Match the structure with its functi N o U n. R A SI n N s G w T e B rs .C m O a M y be used more than once. A. Passive-mediated transport B. Active-mediated transport C. Osmosis
- Movement of water
- Protein carrier
- Facilitated diffusion
- ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Page 30 MSC: Osmosis is the movement of water down a concentration gradient; that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a lower water concentration.
- ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Page 32 MSC: In active-mediated transport, also called active transport, the protein transporter moves molecules against, or up, the concentration gradient. Unlike passive-mediated transport, active-mediated transport requires the expenditure of energy.
- ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Pages 31- MSC: In passive-mediated transport, also called facilitated diffusion, the protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expending metabolic energy.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
ANS: A
NURSINGTB.COM
Chapter 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Which type of cell adaptation occurs when normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells? a. (^) Hyperplasia c. (^) Dysplasia b. (^) Metaplasia d. (^) Anaplasia
ANS: B Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell by another, sometimes a less differentiated cell type. The best example of metaplasia is the replacement of normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial (airway) lining by stratified squamous epithelial cells. The other options do not accurately describe the event in the question.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 54
- The loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia causes cells to: a. (^) Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca). b. (^) Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl). c. (^) Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl). d. (^) Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO).
ANS: C A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium (Na+–K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusiNoUnRoSfINpoGtTaBss.CiuOmMout of the cell. (The Na+–K+^ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water can then freely enter the cell, and cellular swelling results. The other options do not accurately describe the result of ATP at the cellular level.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 57
- The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of hormonal: a. (^) Atrophy c. (^) Anaplasia b. (^) Hyperplasia d. (^) Dysplasia ANS: B Hormonal hyperplasia occurs chiefly in estrogen-dependent organs, such as the uterus and breast. The remaining options do not adequately describe the consequence of hormones on breast tissue during pregnancy.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 53
- Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? a. (^) Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease b. (^) Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis c. (^) Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease d. (^) Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting the synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The remaining options do not accurately describe the consequence of lysosomal enzyme leakage during chemical injury.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 63
- Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of: a. (^) Sodium and chloride c. (^) Calcium b. Potassium d. ATP ANS: C Lead affects many different biologic activities at the cellular and molecular levels, many of which may be related to its ability to interfere with the functions of calcium. Lead does not appear to cause damage by interfering with the action of the other options.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 66
- Which statement is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis? a. (^) Programmed cell death of scattered, single cells b. (^) Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm c. (^) Unpredictable patterns of cell death d. (^) Results in benign malignancies
ANS: A Apoptosis is an active process of cellular self-destruction, also known as programmed cell death, which is implicated in normal and pathologic tissue changes. The remaining options do not accurately describe the characteristics of apoptosis. PTS: 1 REF: Page 91
- Lead poisoning affects the nervous system by: a. (^) Interfering with the function of neurotransmitters b. (^) Inhibiting the production of myelin around nerves c. (^) Increasing the resting membrane potential d. (^) Altering the transport of potassium into the nerves
ANS: A Alterations in calcium may play a crucial role in the interference with neurotransmitters, which may cause hyperactive behavior and the proliferation of capillaries of the white matter and intercerebral arteries. The remaining options do not accurately describe the effects of lead poisoning of the nervous system.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 66
- Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by: a. (^) Competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted b. (^) Binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen c. (^) Destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen d. (^) Removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen
ANS: B
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
Because carbon monoxide’s affinity for hemoglobin is 200 times greater than that of oxygen, it quickly binds with the hemoglobin, preventing oxygen molecules from doing so. The remaining options do not accurately describe the means by which carbon monoxide damages tissue.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 67
- Acute alcoholism mainly affects which body system? a. Hepatic c. Renal b. (^) Gastrointestinal d. (^) Central nervous
ANS: D Acute alcoholism mainly affects the central nervous system but may induce reversible hepatic and gastric changes. Other systems may evidentially be affected by chronic alcoholism.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 68
- During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because: a. (^) Plasma proteins enter the cell. b. (^) The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during hypoxia. c. (^) Sodium chloride enters the cell. d. (^) An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes.
ANS: C In hypoxic injury, movement of fluid and ions into the cell is associated with acute failure of metabolism and a loss of ATP pNrUoRdSuIcNtiGoTnB. .NCoOrMmally, the pump that transports sodium ions out of the cell is maintained by the presence of ATP and ATPase, the active-transport enzyme. In metabolic failure caused by hypoxia, reduced ATP and ATPase levels permit sodium to accumulate in the cell, whereas potassium diffuses outward. The increase of intracellular sodium increases osmotic pressure, which draws more water into the cell. (Transport mechanisms are described in Chapter 1.) The remaining options do not accurately describe the cell injury that results in increased osmotic pressure caused by hypoxia.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 84
- Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma? a. (^) No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. b. (^) A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. c. (^) A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture. d. (^) A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, such as an aneurysm eruption, whereas an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull, such as a blunt force trauma. ANS: C
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
from the liver to the gallbladder b. (^) Increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids and decreased synthesis of apoproteins c. (^) Increased binding of lipids with apoproteins to form lipoproteins d. (^) Increased conversion of fatty acids to phospholipids
ANS: B Lipid accumulation in liver cells occurs after cellular injury sets the following mechanisms in motion: increased synthesis of triglycerides from fatty acids (increases in the enzyme, -glycerophosphatase, which can accelerate triglyceride synthesis) and decreased synthesis of apoproteins (lipid-acceptor proteins). The other options do not accurately describe this event.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 84-
- Hemoprotein accumulations are a result of the excessive storage of: a. (^) Iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream b. (^) Hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells c. (^) Albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream d. (^) Amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream
ANS: A Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred to the cells from the bloodstream, causes hemoprotein accumulations in cells. Hemoglobin, albumin, or amino acids will not cause hemoprotein accumulations.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 86 NURSINGTB.COM
- Hemosiderosis is a condition that results in the excess of what substance being stored as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues? a. (^) Hemoglobin c. (^) Iron b. (^) Ferritin d. (^) Transferrin
ANS: C Hemosiderosis is a condition that occurs only when excess iron is stored as hemosiderin in the cells of many organs and tissues.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 86
- What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation? a. (^) Activation of endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium to protein. b. (^) Activation of phospholipases, to which calcium normally binds, degrades the proteins. c. (^) An influx of phosphate ions competes with calcium for binding to proteins. d. (^) Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.
ANS: D If abnormal direct damage occurs to membranes or ATP is depleted, then calcium increases in the cytosol. The other options do not accurately describe the cause of free calcium in cytosol to damage cell membranes.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 8TH EDITION MCCANCE TEST BANK
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 57-58 | Page 87 | Figure 2-
- What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise? a. (^) Acoustic trauma and noise-induced c. (^) High frequency and acoustic trauma b. (^) High frequency and low frequency d. (^) Noise-induced and low frequency
ANS: A Two types of hearing loss are associated with noise: (1) acoustic trauma or instantaneous damage caused by a single sharply rising wave of sound (e.g., gunfire), and (2) noise-induced hearing loss, the more common type, which is the result of prolonged exposure to intense sound (e.g., noise associated with the workplace and leisure-time activities). The remaining options are not related to noise but rather to the amplitude of the sound.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 83
- What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells? a. (^) Coagulative c. (^) Caseous b. (^) Liquefactive d. (^) Gangrene
ANS: B Liquefactive necrosis commonly results from ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain. The other types of necrosis are not related to ischemic injuries in the brain.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 90
- What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis? a. Bacteriologic (^) NURSINGTcB..COLMiquefactive b. (^) Caseous d. (^) Gangrenous
ANS: B Caseous necrosis , which commonly results from tuberculous pulmonary infection, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. The other types of necrosis are not observed in pulmonary tuberculosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 90
- What type of necrosis is associated with wet gangrene? a. (^) Coagulative c. (^) Caseous b. (^) Liquefactive d. (^) Gangrene
ANS: B Wet gangrene develops only when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis.
PTS: 1 REF: Page 91
- Current research supports the believe that, after heart muscle injury, the damage: a. (^) Remains indefinitely because cardiac cells do not reproduce. b. (^) Is repaired by newly matured cardiomyocytes. c. (^) Gradually decreases in size as mitotic cell division occurs. d. (^) Is replaced by hypertrophy of remaining cells.
