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Self-Assessment in the Nutritional Status of 1
st
Year College
Students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila on New
Normal: A Home-Based Physical Fitness Program
Proponents: Abadilla, Elyse Shaneika Q. Alacida, Ayessa O. Beñales, Johnsel Jurem R. Borromeo, Gelsy O. Dehayco, Ian Wayne V. Deytiquez, Reymon Red M. Dumlao, Rozent R. Lazaro, Genella Michelle U. Magbanua, Renaly Joy R. Morales, Vernami Joy N. Rivera, Regille Murei C. BS Psychology 1- 5 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Intramuros, Manila January 2021
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The whole country was shocked when it was announced that there will be a nationwide lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of this, the whole world seemed to stop, the everyday routine of everyone changed. The situation of the world today is quite overwhelming and may trigger anxiety and depression to anybody. As a coping mechanism, humans tend to focus themselves on some things that will distract them from the present circumstance such as letting out their stress by overeating. Self-Assessment is important in these times and relying on someone else is not an option. Therefore, the researchers would like to focus on the Nutritional Status of 1 st^ year college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila and on how will they assess themselves in terms of their health and lifestyle, that will later on help them to create a home-based physical fitness program for them to be able to maintain their holistic health even in the midst of the pandemic. A. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY/RATIONALE The study aims to serve as a tool for awareness on the effects of the new normal in the eating nutritional status of the 1 st^ Year College students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. In light of the fact that the new normal has significantly affected the nutritional status of everyone, the researchers will dedicate the study to know what are the effects of the new normal to the nutritional status of the students as it has a major effect on their overall health and determines the state of their immune system. Specifically, the study will be useful for the following beneficiaries; (1) Department of Health (DOH) and other public health officials - for the department officials to scrutinize their advocacies and implementations for the betterment of public health and to focus on increased awareness on healthy diet during the pandemic therefore avoiding further negative consequences; (2) Future Researchers - the study will also give further data that shall be most helpful to other researchers in conducting similar studies in the effects of the new normal in the nutritional status; (3) 1 st^ Year College students - this study shall give intensive and accessible knowledge to the students for them to assess whether their eating habits improve or worsen their nutritional status in times of the pandemic in such a way that will help them alter their lifestyle towards healthy living. B. RESEARCH PROBLEM The researchers aim to gather information concerning “Self-Assessment in the Nutritional Status of 1 st^ Year College students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila on New Normal: A Home-Based Physical Fitness Program”.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter includes the compilation of related literature from foreign and local sources aligned according to their themes. This chapter contains all the data related to the effects of the new normal in the nutritional status of 1 st^ year college students. This chapter also serves as the basis and foundation of the study and shall give the readers a deeper knowledge about the study. Foreign Literature Weight gain due to quarantine Weight gain has been rampant around the world during the pandemic according to a study in Saudi Arabia (Al-Musharaf, 2020). Due to the pandemic caused by the coronavirus (COVID-
- and the implemented mandatory quarantine to reduce the number of possible cases, the risk of mental symptoms increased, hence, the cause of emotional eating (EE) (Al-Musharaf, 2020). According to the data gathered by Al-Musharaf (2020), an online survey was conducted incorporating instruments such as scales (Emotional Eating Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale) and questionnaires (Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire) to measure the variables in which a data of 47.2% of the respondents were reported to have low EE; a 40.4% were reported “moderate”, and 12.4% of the respondents were “high” emotional eaters. In addition, Pallegrini et al. (2020) did a multivariate regression analysis to evaluate the associations among BMI changes and the analyzed variables wherein 150 (91.5%) of the subjects completed the given questionnaire. According to the data gathered by the study, the mean self- reported weight gain was ≈ 1.5 kg ( p < 0.001) where lower physical activity and exercise, anxiety or depression, and enhanced eating (consumption of snacks and unhealthy foods) were seen as factors correlated with the significant increase in weight gain. A study states that not only adult experience the increase in weight, but it also happens to children. In the study of Rundle et al. (2020), children during their school summer break tend to shift to inactive tasks or activities, causing for their weight to increase. With the COVID- 19 presence in America, public safety measures such as lockdowns are implemented to prevent the further spread of the virus. Because of this, the COVID-19 pandemic became a factor to the higher cases or number of weight gain in children (Wang et al., 2015) mostly leading to obesity. With this, the preemptive measures implemented to prevent the further spread of the virus, reduced the opportunities for physical activity among children, particularly for those living in urban areas where safe, accessible, and outdoor spaces are limited to efficiently carry out the recommended distance between people (Rundle et al., 2020). Also, sedentary activities and screen time exposure and usage are expected to increase under the implementation of public safety orders (Wilde, 2020). By this, screen time is associated with experiencing overweight/obesity in
childhood, likely because of the dual issues of sedentary time and the association between screen time and snacking (Marsh, Ni Mhurchu, & Maddison, 2013). Changes of dietary during the pandemic Most countries around the world enforce lockdowns, with a drastic reduction of any form of socialization. Physical distancing and self-isolation strongly impacted citizens’ lives, affecting the eating habits and everyday behaviors of people. The situation involving the pandemic and its effect to people caused not only uncertainty but also stress. Stress leads the subjects toward overeating, especially in foods that are rich in sugar, and the action being defined as “food craving.” The foods mainly rich in simple carbohydrates can reduce stress as they encourage serotonin production, causing a positive effect on mood. However, this food craving is proportional to the glycemic index of foods that is associated with the increase risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular diseases. According to the study of Ruizo-Roso et al. (2020), they showed that the habitual ultra- processed consumption was also high during this period in all countries, and more prevalent in Latin America. Moreover, screen time is associated with experiencing overweight/obesity in childhood, likely because of the dual issues of sedentary time and the association between screen time and snacking (Rundle, et al.,2020). In addition, studies shown adolescents exhibited a higher sweet food consumption, likely due to boredom and stress produced by COVID-19 confinement. (Ruiz-Roso et al., 2020). Alhusseini and Alqahtani (2020), analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the eating habits of people living in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Riyadh. Results from this study showed that there is a significant increase in the healthy food rating with a percentage of 29.5% (p<0.001) during COVID-19, from its percentage of 23.3% before the onset of the pandemic. During COVID-19, 85.6% of the participants reported eating home-cooked meals daily, compared to the previous data of 35.6% before the pandemic (p<0.001), but this case and data gathered is not necessarily true as some individuals increase their carbohydrate and sugar intake (Alhusseini & Alqahtani, 2020). Furthermore, the compulsory lockdown in Saudi Arabia caused for establishments and facilities such as restaurants, malls, and delivery applications to work in limited hours, which may have affected the eating habits as the lockdown and public safety measures interfered with the regular eating habits (Algassi, A. A., Alharbi, N. K., Hassanain M., & Hashem A.M., 2020). This is seen as a factor that may have impacted individuals to switch to home-cooked meals as there are no other appropriate options at that time (Alhusseini & Alqahtani, 2020). In addition, people living in Qatar are stated to be shifting to healthier foods according to the study of Hassen, Bilali, and Allahyari (2020) where the respondents are reported to have an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption and intake of water having the percentage of 32.4% and 44.6% respectively. With this, the study also stated that there is a decrease in calorie and sugar- rich foods consumption in Qatar such as candies and cookies (Hassen, Bilali & Allahyari, 2020).
Local Literature The COVID-19 pandemic also affected the Philippines in a way that Filipinos became more conscious on their health condition wherein most Filipinos change their sleeping patterns and lifestyle to maintain or regain health according to Nuriddin (2018) and as stated by Nicomedes and Avila (2020). In line with this, the study of Nicomedes and Avila (2020) reported that more Filipinos became health conscious – it is seen as a a way to prevent oneself from being infected by the virus – by regularly checking the body temperature and blood pressure, and that more shifted to healthy and nutritious food consumption to improve the immune system. The mentioned behaviors and responses are said to be under the Illness-Centered Health Consciousness – one of the five levels of consciousness according to Ferreira, Fricton, and Rhodus (2017) – that is defined as a reaction to a current existing illness (in this case, the COVID-19) and only happen in a short period of time to help recover or prevent from having the illness (Nicomedes & Avila, 2020). The stated response or behavior is done to prevent the older people to be infected, wherein not only the healthy food consumption is observed, but also the practice of constant sanitation and hygiene is followed (Nicomedes & Avila, 2020) as aligned to the guidelines of World Health Organization and the implemented protocol of national and local governments. In addition, according to Ong, M. et al. (2020) food insecurity in the Philippines has been prevalent since the implementation of preemptive measures and protocols wherein food packs became most of Filipinos main source of food necessity (due to implemented rules which interferes with majority of the livelihood of Filipinos). The quality of the distributed food packs is said to be inadequate to meet the long-term nutritional requirements, thus may cause long-term negative health effects on households. This case contrasts with other households who have the capacity to supplement their food packs with sufficient nutrition (Ong, M. et al., 2020). In their study, Ong, M. et al. (2020) reviewed the contents of the food packs (canned goods, powdered sweetened coffee, powdered milk, etc.) distributed to communities where they reported that the nutritional density and content of the distributed food packs are insufficient to provide a healthy and nutritious meal in accordance with the nutritional requirements. Also, the distributed food packs are said to or may provide the feeling of fullness, but do not actually adequately provide the recommended amount of nutrients needed to remain healthy (Ong, M. et al., 2020). In line with the limited amount of macro- and micro-nutrients in food packs, people who are dependent on the goods distributed are more likely to be exposed to the risk of malnutrition (wherein the immune system is also compromised) and may contribute to the increase of cases in health problems in the Philippines (Ong, M. et al., 2020).
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design This research will adopt a qualitative approach to acquire the idea of how the nutritional status of students of 1 st^ Year College was affected by the new normal and to know what the effects of the new normal are to their physical fitness. The research design that the researchers used was phenomenological to understand the perspective, attitudes, and experiences of the participants. A descriptive method will be seen throughout the entire study. The researchers used longitudinal time dimension to observe the different seasons or time because there are some instances that there are some series of change in terms of how they cope with the sudden change of their environment because of the pandemic that led to the new normal. Sample and Sampling Procedure In this study, the researchers selected five ( 5 ) participants to be interviewed from 1 st^ Year College students. The researchers will use purposive or criterion-based sampling to set criteria based on their field of experience to the new normal. The researchers will choose participants who has an experience in terms of doing exercise from about a month or a year to know the common behavior of these participants through the new normal. Instrumentation The researchers will use in-depth interview to gather concrete and genuine data as the researchers do interview their participants through an online platform. This research will use unstructured interview method being able to ask questions without any follow up questions needed. The length of each interview varied from 30 minutes to 45 minutes. A total of five ( 5 ) 1 st^ year college students will be participating on the interview process. Data Gathering Procedure To effectively manage all of depth interviews, the researchers will prepare: Informed Consent Form (ICF), interview guides, and recording material before conducting the depth interviews. The researchers give the ICF first to the participant and let them sign it to have an agreement to collect their data also for transferring it to transcripts before starting the interview. The interviews will be conducted in English language and will be answered by participants in English, Filipino, or Taglish (Filipino-English). All answers will be recorded and transcribed by
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Of the five (5) 1 st^ year college students from different universities interviewed, the ages were between 17 and 19 years old. 20% were 17 years of age, 40% were 18 years of age, and 40% were 19 years of age. The average age of those who took the study was 18 and 19 years of age. (Table 1) Table 1 Age of Participants Variables % 17 20% 18 40% 19 40% The participants consume different varieties of food before the pandemic which embodies different nutrients needed by our body. 20% of the participant mostly eat vegetables; protein foods (e.g. beef, pork, and so on) were consumed by 60% of the participants; 20% of them ingest mostly seafoods; carbohydrate foods like potatoes and sugary sweets were consumed by 80% of the participants; and also 80% of them for the other kinds of food including processed foods and junk foods. (Table 2) Table 2 Varieties of Food Eaten by the Participants Before Pandemic Variables % Vegetables 20% Proteins 60% Seafoods 20% Carbohydrates 80% Others (Processed foods, Junk foods, etc.) 80%
The varieties of food they take are the following: Vegetables, Proteins (e.g. beef, pork, etc.), Seafoods, Carbohydrates (yogurt, biscuits, and so on), and other types of food that consists of processed and junk foods. 60% of them consume mostly vegetables; 80% of the participants always have protein foods in their eating diet; Seafoods are consumed by 20% of the participants; 80% of them ingest carbohydrate foods daily, and lastly 100% of them always eat processed and junk foods. (Table 3) Table 3 Varieties of Food Eaten by the Participants During Pandemic Variables % Vegetables 60% Proteins 80% Seafoods 20% Carbohydrates 80% Others (Processed foods, Junk foods, etc.) 100% The students who participated in this research have their own comfort foods during the pandemic. These varieties of food keeps them sensible during the quarantine period. 60% of the participants ingest processed foods as their comfort food, and the 60% of them also consider carbohydrate foods. (Table 4) Table 4 Participants’ Comfort Food During Pandemic Variables % Processed foods (Junk foods, Restaurant foods, etc.)
Carbohydrates (Yogurt, biscuits, etc.) 60%
The present research has focused on nutritional status of 1st year college students under the new normal. The present research further explored the kinds of food the participants are eating before and during pandemic and they were also asked about their physical activities (e.g. workout routines). This qualitative study with information collected from the five (5) 1 st^ year college students' participants from different universities examined the extent to know if they are coping this quarantine with a good physical condition. The results stated that the students are more conscious in their eating diets compared before the pandemic occurred. Most of the students are making efforts to control their diet and exercising to keep healthy. The majority, nearly 80% of the students interviewed, eat vegetables and foods that consist of more minerals. 60% of them always include vegetables in their eating diets, 80% with more protein, 20% for seafood, and 80% of the participants comprise carbohydrate foods in their diet. Nearly 80% of them are having physical activities (e.g., workout plans) aiming to become more active during this pandemic to boost their immune system. 20% of them always engage with workout routines. 60% of the participants are having their workout routines seldomly because the school year had already started. 20% never had the chance to go in for some routines because of other priorities.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based from the results of the gathered data by the researchers, the following are the effects of the new normal to the nutritional status of the five (5) 1st year college students who participated. Majority of the participants became conscious of their eating habits during the pandemic as most of them include healthy amounts of vegetables, proteins, carbohydrates and seafood to their diet. However, all of the participants also reportedly consume junk foods that might result to a decrease in their nutritional status. On the other hand, most of the participants reported, as well that they developed workout routines and have become physically active during the new normal which helped increase their nutritional status. Pandemic had caused the respondents stress resulting to an increase of “comfort food” (i.e junkfoods, biscuits) consumption which imbalances the diet of the students. Nutritional status of 1st year college students have become less sedentary according to the data, nonetheless, the study found a great number of respondents consuming junk foods that should be lessened in order to cease the chances of possible diseases. Moreover, students should devise an effective and appropriate work out plan to maximize the benefits to their well being. CONCLUSION This study was conducted for the purpose of awareness on the effects of the new normal in the eating nutritional status of the 1 st^ year college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. Five participants with or without exercise experience of about a month or a year were asked to identify the common behavior of these participants through the new normal behavior and to gather concrete and genuine data. The findings showed that 40% of respondents between the ages of 1 7 and 19 eat foods high in carbohydrates (80 percent) and protein (60 percent). It is also reported that the respondents consume processed foods (80%). The workout routines were also examined in the study, in which respondents were asked about their routines before and during the pandemic. The study showed that the participants did not have any workout routines before the pandemic, reporting 80% of the responses as "never". While during the pandemic, 60% of the participants are reported to be engaging in exercise routines. In this study, three parts of questions was used to gather information on the effects of the new normal in the eating nutritional status of the 1 st^ year college students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. The researchers therefore conclude that the participants become more aware and conscious about the improvement of their physical health through consuming foods that are nutrient-rich. They also engage more on physical activities such as doing workout
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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