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Test two | FNDS 21230 - CHAR OF KNOWLDG ACQUISTN-RS, Quizzes of History of Education

Chapters 8 and 9 Class: FNDS 21230 - CHAR OF KNOWLDG ACQUISTN-RS; Subject: Foundations of Education; University: Rowan University; Term: Spring 2010;

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 02/15/2010

dreed1011
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TERM 1
Information-processing approach
DEFINITION 1
A cognitive approach in which children manipulate
information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to
this are memory and thinking.
TERM 2
Cognitive Psychology
DEFINITION 2
Approaches that sought to explain behavior by examining
mental processes.
TERM 3
Cognitive Resources
DEFINITION 3
Capacity and Speed of processing. Important influence on
memory and problem solving,
TERM 4
Encoding
DEFINITION 4
The process by which information gets into memory.
TERM 5
Automaticity
DEFINITION 5
The ability to process information with little or no effort
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Information-processing approach

A cognitive approach in which children manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this are memory and thinking. TERM 2

Cognitive Psychology

DEFINITION 2 Approaches that sought to explain behavior by examining mental processes. TERM 3

Cognitive Resources

DEFINITION 3 Capacity and Speed of processing. Important influence on memory and problem solving, TERM 4

Encoding

DEFINITION 4 The process by which information gets into memory. TERM 5

Automaticity

DEFINITION 5 The ability to process information with little or no effort

Strategy Construction

Creation of new procedure for processing information. TERM 7

Self-Modification

DEFINITION 7 Children learn to use what they have learned in previous circumstances to adapt their responses to a new situation. TERM 8

Metacognition

DEFINITION 8 Knowing about knowing TERM 9

Selective Attention

DEFINITION 9 Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant. TERM 10

Divided Attention

DEFINITION 10 Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.

Retrieval

taking information out of storage TERM 17

Rehearsal

DEFINITION 17 the conscious repetition of information over time to increase the length of time information stays in memory, SHORT TERM TERM 18

Deep Processing

DEFINITION 18 Thinking about in depth about something not just remember what something means TERM 19

Levels of Processing Theory

DEFINITION 19 Theory that processing of memory occurs on a continuum from shallow to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory TERM 20

Elaboration

DEFINITION 20 The extensiveness of information processing involved in encoding. Constructing an image is a form of elaboration

Chunking

grouping, or "packing" information into "higher-order" units that can be remembered as single units. TERM 22

Sensory Motor

DEFINITION 22 Memory that holds information from the world in its original form from only an instant. TERM 23

Memory's Time Frames

DEFINITION 23 Sensory Motor, Short-term, Long Term Memory TERM 24

Short-Term Memory

DEFINITION 24 A limited-capacity memory system in which inforation is retained for as ling as 30 second, unless the information is rehearsed, in which case it can retained longer TERM 25

Memory Span

DEFINITION 25 The number of digits an individual can report back without error in a single presentation

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A model of memory that involves a sequence of three stages: sensory motor, short-term and long-term memory. Sensory>attention>rehearsal>storage>retrieval>storage... TERM 32

Declarative Memory

DEFINITION 32 the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events that can be verbally communicated TERM 33

Procedure Memory

DEFINITION 33 Nondeclarative knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations, can not be consciously recollected. TERM 34

Episodic Memory

DEFINITION 34 the retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings TERM 35

Semantic Memory

DEFINITION 35 an individual's general knowledge about the world, independent of the individual's identity with the past

Network Theories

Theories that describe thow information in memory is organized and connected; they emphasize nodes in the memory network TERM 37

Schema Theories

DEFINITION 37 Theories that when we construct information, we fit it into information that already exists in our mind TERM 38

Schema

DEFINITION 38 Information-Concepts, knowledge , information about events- that already exists in a person's mind TERM 39

Script

DEFINITION 39 A schema for an event TERM 40

Fuzzy Trace Theory

DEFINITION 40 States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations:1) verbatim memory and 2) fuzzy trace or gist.

Encoding Specificity

Principle

the principle that associations formed at the time of encoding or learning tend to be effective retrieval cues TERM 47

Recall

DEFINITION 47 memory task in which individuals must retrieve previously learned information (fill in the blank) TERM 48

Recognition

DEFINITION 48 memory task in which indiviuals only have to identify learned information (multiple choice) TERM 49

Cue-Dependent Forgetting

DEFINITION 49 retrieval failure caused by lack of effective retrieval cues TERM 50

Interference Theory

DEFINITION 50 we forget not because actually lose memories from storage but because other information gets in the way of what we are trying to remember

Decay Theory

new learning involves the creation of a neurochemical "memory trace" which will eventually disintegrate. TERM 52

Cultural Specific Hypothesis

DEFINITION 52 cultural experiences determine what is relevent in a persons life ad thus what a person is likely to remember TERM 53

Efficiency

DEFINITION 53 can quickly retrieve and apply information in skillful ways to explain something or solve a problem. TERM 54

Innovation

DEFINITION 54 able to move away from efficiency individuals let go and rethink their routine or doing something TERM 55

Acclimation

DEFINITION 55 describe the initial stage of expertise in a particular expertise

Theory of mind

Awarenesss of one's own mental processes and mental processes of others TERM 62

2-3 years old

DEFINITION 62 understand perceptions, emotions and desires TERM 63

4-5 years old

DEFINITION 63 children understand that the mind can represent ovjects and events accurately or inaccurately TERM 64

One or multiple strategies

DEFINITION 64 Children use multiple strategies in memory and problem solving TERM 65

Categories

DEFINITION 65 They group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.

Concepts

Ideas about what categories represent, or said another way, the sort of thing we think category members are. TERM 67

Rule-Example Strategy

DEFINITION 67 Consists of four steps which are; define the concept, clarify the terms in the definition, give examples to illustrate the key features or characteristics, provide additional examples TERM 68

Concept Map

DEFINITION 68 A visual presentation of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization TERM 69

Prototype Matching

DEFINITION 69 Deciding if an item is a memeber of a category by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of the category. TERM 70

Reasoning

DEFINITION 70 is logical thinking that uses induction and deduction to reach a conclusion.

Decision Making

Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them TERM 77

Confirmation Bias

DEFINITION 77 The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them TERM 78

Belief Perseverance

DEFINITION 78 The Tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence TERM 79

Overconfidence Bias

DEFINITION 79 The tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than we should based on probability or past experience TERM 80

Hindsight Bias

DEFINITION 80 The tendency to falsely report, after the fact that we accurately predicted an event

Creativity

The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems TERM 82

Convergent

Thinking

DEFINITION 82 Thinking with the aim of producing one correct answer. This is usually the type of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests TERM 83

Divergent

Thinking

DEFINITION 83 Thinking with the aim of producing many answers to the same question. This is characteristic of creativity TERM 84

Steps in Creativity Process

DEFINITION 84 Preparation, Incubation, Insight, Evaluation, Elaboration TERM 85

Brainstorming

DEFINITION 85 a technique in which people are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group

Fixation

Using a prior strategy and thereby failing to examine a problem from a fresh, new perspective TERM 92

Mental Set

DEFINITION 92 A type of fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past TERM 93

Lack of Motivation

DEFINITION 93 Even if your students have great problem-solving abilities if they aren't motivated it won't matter TERM 94

Rule-assessment approach

DEFINITION 94 focuses on children's increasing ability to effectively use rules to solve problems as the get older TERM 95

Problem-Based Teaching

DEFINITION 95 Teaching that emphasizes authentic problems like those that occur in daily life

Problem-Based Learning

Students work on real, meaningful problems and create tangible products. 5 main features, a driving question, authentic situated inquiry, collaboration, Scaffolding, end product TERM 97

Scaffolding

DEFINITION 97 Leaning technologies are used to challenge students to go beyond what they normally would in a problem-solving context TERM 98

Transfer

DEFINITION 98 Applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation TERM 99

Near Transfer

DEFINITION 99 The transfer of learning to a situation that is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place TERM 100

Far Transfer

DEFINITION 100 The transfer of learning to a situation that is very different from the one in which the initial learning took place