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Information-processing approach
A cognitive approach in which children manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. Central to this are memory and thinking. TERM 2
Cognitive Psychology
DEFINITION 2 Approaches that sought to explain behavior by examining mental processes. TERM 3
Cognitive Resources
DEFINITION 3 Capacity and Speed of processing. Important influence on memory and problem solving, TERM 4
Encoding
DEFINITION 4 The process by which information gets into memory. TERM 5
Automaticity
DEFINITION 5 The ability to process information with little or no effort
Strategy Construction
Creation of new procedure for processing information. TERM 7
Self-Modification
DEFINITION 7 Children learn to use what they have learned in previous circumstances to adapt their responses to a new situation. TERM 8
Metacognition
DEFINITION 8 Knowing about knowing TERM 9
Selective Attention
DEFINITION 9 Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant. TERM 10
Divided Attention
DEFINITION 10 Involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time.
Retrieval
taking information out of storage TERM 17
Rehearsal
DEFINITION 17 the conscious repetition of information over time to increase the length of time information stays in memory, SHORT TERM TERM 18
Deep Processing
DEFINITION 18 Thinking about in depth about something not just remember what something means TERM 19
Levels of Processing Theory
DEFINITION 19 Theory that processing of memory occurs on a continuum from shallow to deep, with deeper processing producing better memory TERM 20
Elaboration
DEFINITION 20 The extensiveness of information processing involved in encoding. Constructing an image is a form of elaboration
Chunking
grouping, or "packing" information into "higher-order" units that can be remembered as single units. TERM 22
Sensory Motor
DEFINITION 22 Memory that holds information from the world in its original form from only an instant. TERM 23
Memory's Time Frames
DEFINITION 23 Sensory Motor, Short-term, Long Term Memory TERM 24
Short-Term Memory
DEFINITION 24 A limited-capacity memory system in which inforation is retained for as ling as 30 second, unless the information is rehearsed, in which case it can retained longer TERM 25
Memory Span
DEFINITION 25 The number of digits an individual can report back without error in a single presentation
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
A model of memory that involves a sequence of three stages: sensory motor, short-term and long-term memory. Sensory>attention>rehearsal>storage>retrieval>storage... TERM 32
Declarative Memory
DEFINITION 32 the conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events that can be verbally communicated TERM 33
Procedure Memory
DEFINITION 33 Nondeclarative knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations, can not be consciously recollected. TERM 34
Episodic Memory
DEFINITION 34 the retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings TERM 35
Semantic Memory
DEFINITION 35 an individual's general knowledge about the world, independent of the individual's identity with the past
Network Theories
Theories that describe thow information in memory is organized and connected; they emphasize nodes in the memory network TERM 37
Schema Theories
DEFINITION 37 Theories that when we construct information, we fit it into information that already exists in our mind TERM 38
Schema
DEFINITION 38 Information-Concepts, knowledge , information about events- that already exists in a person's mind TERM 39
Script
DEFINITION 39 A schema for an event TERM 40
Fuzzy Trace Theory
DEFINITION 40 States that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations:1) verbatim memory and 2) fuzzy trace or gist.
Encoding Specificity
Principle
the principle that associations formed at the time of encoding or learning tend to be effective retrieval cues TERM 47
Recall
DEFINITION 47 memory task in which individuals must retrieve previously learned information (fill in the blank) TERM 48
Recognition
DEFINITION 48 memory task in which indiviuals only have to identify learned information (multiple choice) TERM 49
Cue-Dependent Forgetting
DEFINITION 49 retrieval failure caused by lack of effective retrieval cues TERM 50
Interference Theory
DEFINITION 50 we forget not because actually lose memories from storage but because other information gets in the way of what we are trying to remember
Decay Theory
new learning involves the creation of a neurochemical "memory trace" which will eventually disintegrate. TERM 52
Cultural Specific Hypothesis
DEFINITION 52 cultural experiences determine what is relevent in a persons life ad thus what a person is likely to remember TERM 53
Efficiency
DEFINITION 53 can quickly retrieve and apply information in skillful ways to explain something or solve a problem. TERM 54
Innovation
DEFINITION 54 able to move away from efficiency individuals let go and rethink their routine or doing something TERM 55
Acclimation
DEFINITION 55 describe the initial stage of expertise in a particular expertise
Theory of mind
Awarenesss of one's own mental processes and mental processes of others TERM 62
2-3 years old
DEFINITION 62 understand perceptions, emotions and desires TERM 63
4-5 years old
DEFINITION 63 children understand that the mind can represent ovjects and events accurately or inaccurately TERM 64
One or multiple strategies
DEFINITION 64 Children use multiple strategies in memory and problem solving TERM 65
Categories
DEFINITION 65 They group objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.
Concepts
Ideas about what categories represent, or said another way, the sort of thing we think category members are. TERM 67
Rule-Example Strategy
DEFINITION 67 Consists of four steps which are; define the concept, clarify the terms in the definition, give examples to illustrate the key features or characteristics, provide additional examples TERM 68
Concept Map
DEFINITION 68 A visual presentation of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization TERM 69
Prototype Matching
DEFINITION 69 Deciding if an item is a memeber of a category by comparing it with the most typical item(s) of the category. TERM 70
Reasoning
DEFINITION 70 is logical thinking that uses induction and deduction to reach a conclusion.
Decision Making
Evaluating alternatives and making choices among them TERM 77
Confirmation Bias
DEFINITION 77 The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them TERM 78
Belief Perseverance
DEFINITION 78 The Tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence TERM 79
Overconfidence Bias
DEFINITION 79 The tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than we should based on probability or past experience TERM 80
Hindsight Bias
DEFINITION 80 The tendency to falsely report, after the fact that we accurately predicted an event
Creativity
The ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems TERM 82
Convergent
Thinking
DEFINITION 82 Thinking with the aim of producing one correct answer. This is usually the type of thinking required on conventional intelligence tests TERM 83
Divergent
Thinking
DEFINITION 83 Thinking with the aim of producing many answers to the same question. This is characteristic of creativity TERM 84
Steps in Creativity Process
DEFINITION 84 Preparation, Incubation, Insight, Evaluation, Elaboration TERM 85
Brainstorming
DEFINITION 85 a technique in which people are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group
Fixation
Using a prior strategy and thereby failing to examine a problem from a fresh, new perspective TERM 92
Mental Set
DEFINITION 92 A type of fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past TERM 93
Lack of Motivation
DEFINITION 93 Even if your students have great problem-solving abilities if they aren't motivated it won't matter TERM 94
Rule-assessment approach
DEFINITION 94 focuses on children's increasing ability to effectively use rules to solve problems as the get older TERM 95
Problem-Based Teaching
DEFINITION 95 Teaching that emphasizes authentic problems like those that occur in daily life
Problem-Based Learning
Students work on real, meaningful problems and create tangible products. 5 main features, a driving question, authentic situated inquiry, collaboration, Scaffolding, end product TERM 97
Scaffolding
DEFINITION 97 Leaning technologies are used to challenge students to go beyond what they normally would in a problem-solving context TERM 98
Transfer
DEFINITION 98 Applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation TERM 99
Near Transfer
DEFINITION 99 The transfer of learning to a situation that is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place TERM 100
Far Transfer
DEFINITION 100 The transfer of learning to a situation that is very different from the one in which the initial learning took place
