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A comprehensive test bank for principles of human physiology, featuring over 100 verified multiple-choice questions and answers. It covers a wide range of topics, including respiratory physiology, gas exchange, lung mechanics, and respiratory disorders. The questions are designed to assess understanding of key concepts and principles, making it a valuable resource for students preparing for exams or quizzes.
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"5) During inspiration, ________. A) alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure B) transpulmonary pressure increases C) the diaphragm relaxes
"6) You open a can of carbonated soda and pour it into a glass. The carbon dioxide formed bubbles because the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air above the soda ________, a process explained by ________ Law. A) decreased; Dalton's B) increased; Charles' C) decreased; Henry's
"7) Assuming you have normal respiratory function at sea level, start holding your breath. Which of the following could be true in 60 seconds? A) Venous PO2 = 50 mmHg B) The oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is shifting to the left C) Arterial PCO2 = 50 mmHg
"9) The ________ separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities. A) lungs B) liver
C) rib cage
"12) Intrapleural pressure ________ during expiration. A) increases B) decreases
"13) Rebecca's inspiratory reserve volume = 5, vital capacity = 8, residual volume = 1, and expiratory reserve volume = 2. Her tidal volume would be equal to ________ and her total lung capacity would be ________. A) 2; 10 B) 3; 7 C) 1; 9 D) 1; 13
"14) An individual presents to the ER with a pneumothorax. The patient is unable to inflate the affected
"15) What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume? A) Boyle's Law B) Charles' Law C) Dalton's Law
"16) A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is ________. A) compliance B) elasticity C) surface tension
"17) The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is ________. A) compliance
A) Boyle's law B) Dalton's law C) Laplace's law
"25) Which muscles contraction will stimulate inspiration? A) Diaphragm B) External intercostals C) Parasternal intercostals
"26) Quiet expiration is caused by ________. A) contraction of the external intercostals B) contraction of the internal intercostals C) lung recoil and increased intrapulmonary pressure
"27) Forced (deep) inspiration occurs with the contraction of the ________. A) rectus abdominis B) scalenes C) internal intercostals
"28) Quiet inspiration will ________ thoracic and lung volume and ________ intrapulmonary pressure. A) increase; increase B) increase; decrease C) decrease; increase
"29) A patient experiences difficulty exhaling after taking a normal, full breath during a test of pulmonary function. The patient likely has a restrictive lung disorder, characterized by pulmonary fibrosis. This
"30) The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration is the inspiratory
"31) Vital capacity is reduced in pulmonary restrictive disorders, but normal in obstructive disorders.
"32) Identify the true statement regarding gas concentrations in the pulmonary system. A) Blood in the pulmonary veins is low in oxygen. B) Blood in the pulmonary veins is high in carbon dioxide. C) The oxygen concentration of inspired air is higher than that of alveolar air.
"33) Cessation of breathing is known as ________. A) apnea B) dyspnea C) eupnea
"34) The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume
"35) The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the ________. A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiratory reserve volume
"36) The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the ________. A) vital capacity B) total lung capacity C) tidal volume
"37) Why would an individual with atopic allergic asthma experience difficulty breathing? A) Mast cells, which stimulate vasodilation of the airways, are less active in persons with allergies. B) IgE antibodies bind to the inhaled antigens, causing an inflammatory reaction that decreases gas exchange. C) Leukotrienes cause constriction of the bronchioles, producing airway obstruction.
"38) Since norepinephrine stimulates bronchodilation, sympathetic agonists could be utilized to treat
"39) Which of the following may result from emphysema? A) Reduced gas exchange surface area B) Air trapping C) Cor pulmonale
"40) Pulmonary fibrosis may be caused by ________. A) smoking
"49) Breathing 100% oxygen will ________. A) significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues B) increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells C) significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood
"50) Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT ________. A) significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues B) increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells C) significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood D) Both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen
"52) Normal arterial PO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 85 mm Hg
"53) Normal alveolar PO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 100 mm Hg
"54) Normal venous PCO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 100 mm Hg
"55) Normal alveolar PCO2 is ________. A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 100 mm Hg
"56) Normal venous PO2 is ________.
A) 40 mm Hg B) 46 mm Hg C) 85 mm Hg
"57) The foramen ovale ________. A) closes after birth due to decreased pulmonary vascular resistance B) normally shunts blood between the pulmonary artery and aorta C) normally shunts blood between the right and left ventricles
"58) The ventilation/perfusion ratio ________. A) is lowest at the apex of the lungs B) increases when blood flow is decreased C) decreases when ventilation is increased
"59) Blood flow is greatest at the ________ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ________ of the lungs. A) apex; apex B) apex; base C) base; base
"60) The ventilation/perfusion ratio is ________ at the apex of the lungs. A) highest B) lowest
"61) Pulmonary circulation is a ________ resistance and ________ pressure pathway. A) low; high B) low; low C) high; low
"62) Pulmonary arterioles ________ and system arterioles ________ when PO2 is low. A) dilate; dilate B) dilate; constrict C) constrict; dilate
"63) When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will ________. A) increase B) decrease
"73) Central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata directly detect changes in the pH of the ________. A) blood B) cerebrospinal fluid C) lymph
"74) The primary drive to breathe is elicited by which of the following? A) reduced PO B) reduced PCO C) increased PO
"75) What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels? A) Hypocapnia B) Hypercapnia C) Hypoxia
"76) The rhythmicity center is located in the ________. A) pons B) cerebral cortex C) medulla oblongata
"77) The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involved with ________. A) inspiration B) expiration C) breathing rhythm
"78) The I neurons of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the ________. A) sympathetic nervous system B) phrenic nerve C) vagus nerve
"79) Hyperventilation is stimulated by ________. A) increased activity of the apneustic center B) decreased contraction of the scalenes C) hypercapnia
"80) What type of receptors in the wall of the larynx and lungs, cause a person to cough in response to components of smoke and smog? A) Aortic bodies B) Pulmonary stretch receptors C) Medullary chemoreceptors
"81) Limits on stretching the lungs are due to the ________. A) Haldane effect B) law of Laplace C) Hering-Breuer reflex
"82) Which of the following conditions is characterized by high red blood cell counts? A) Anemia B) Polycythemia C) Uremia
"83) Renal production of ________ is stimulated by hypoxemia. A) renin B) colony-stimulating factor C) erythropoietin
"84) If PO2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying? A) 0.3 mL O2/ 100 mL blood B) 10 mL O2/ 100 mL blood C) 20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood
"85) The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is ________. A) oxyhemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) methemoglobin
"86) The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is ________. A) oxyhemoglobin B) deoxyhemoglobin C) methemoglobin
"87) The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and not bonded to oxygen is ________.
"96) According to the Bohr effect, as pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen ________. A) increases B) decreases
"98) When tissues are producing more CO2 through increased metabolic activity, less O2 is provided to
"99) A decrease in temperature ________. A) will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right B) will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the left
"100) An increase in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) will ________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A) increase B) decrease
"101) Hemoglobin F ________. A) has a lower affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin A B) contains two alpha and two gamma chains C) binds large amounts of 2,3-DPG
"102) 2,3-DPG comes from ________. A) aerobic respiration in red blood cells B) anaerobic respiration in red blood cells C) type II alveolar cells
"103) In anemia, 2,3-DPG is ________ and oxygen affinity is ________. A) decreased; decreased B) decreased; increased C) increased; increased
"104) Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? A) Decreased pH, decreased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
B) Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG C) Increased pH, increased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
"105) A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is ________. A) thalassemia B) sickle-cell anemia C) myoglobinemia
"106) What disease is characterized by the abnormal hemoglobin S? A) Sickle cell anemia B) Thalassemia C) Cystic fibrosis
"108) The highest oxygen affinity is demonstrated by ________. A) hemoglobin A B) hemoglobin F C) myoglobin
"109) Imagine that erythrocytes were no longer able to utilize the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Given its
"110) The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the ________. A) chloride shift B) Bohr effect C) oxygen toxicity
"111) The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as ________. A) dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood B) bicarbonate ion C) carbaminohemoglobin
"112) The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water. A) renin
A) acidosis B) alkalosis C) normal
"121) Which of the following changes would occur during exercise? A) Increased blood gases B) Decreased ventilation C) Decreased oxygen delivery to muscles
"122) The immediate increase in ventilation as exercise begins can be explained through both
"123) Many athletes train at higher altitudes immediately prior to an athletic competition. Select the scenario that correctly identifies how acclimatization to a higher elevation would improve endurance performance. A) A hypoxic ventilatory response occurs that remains in place for a few weeks after returning to a lower altitude. B) Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen will increase; therefore, tissues will receive more oxygen during exercise. C) Increased ventilation at the higher altitudes will improve tidal volume when returning to the lower altitude. D) Erythropoietin release will increase; consequently, the athlete will have a greater aerobic capacity
"124) Acclimatization to altitude ________. A) stimulates increased blood cell synthesis B) decreases ventilation C) increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
"125) If a disease occurred that increased hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, tissues would receive
"126) During muscular contractions associated with inhalation, what would happen if intrapleural pressure were to be less than intrapulmonary pressure? A) Lung volume would remain unchanged B) Thoracic volume increase with lung collapse C) Thoracic volume increase with lung inflation
"127) Evaluate the pulmonary pressures provided, and determine what portion of the respiratory cycle is represented.
Transpulmonary pressure = 6 mmHg Intrapleural pressure = 667 mmHg Atmospheric pressure = 670 mmHg Intrapulmonary pressure = 673 mmHg A) Lung volume is unchanged B) Normal inspiration C) Normal expiration
"128) Given the pressures listed, identify the respiratory event being measured. Transpulmonary pressure = 15 mmHg Intrapleural pressure = 765 mmHg Atmospheric pressure = 755 mmHg Intrapulmonary pressure = 750 mmHg A) Tidal inspiration B) Forced inspiration C) Forced expiration
"129) In assessing a mechanical prototype to demonstrate lung function, it is suggested that the final version of synthetic lung material will need to be easier to inflate and easier to deflate in order to be cost effective. Which will need to be true? A) More compliant and less elastic B) Less compliant and less elastic C) More compliant and more elastic
"130) Due to acute trauma and resulting damage of the diaphragm, the ________ will need to become more active in order to aid someone during ________. A) sternocleidomastoid and parasternal muscles; expiration B) external intercostals; expiration C) scalenes and pectoralis minor; inspiration
"131) The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT the ________. A) primary bronchi B) larynx C) terminal bronchioles