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Biology of Animal Skeletons: Circulation, Transport Systems, and Support Structures, Quizzes of Biology

Various types of animal skeletons, their functions, and adaptations to different environments. Topics include circulation and transport systems, support structures in sponges, hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons in arthropods and mollusks, endoskeletons in chordates and echinoderms, and skeletal adaptations to buoyancy and gravity. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the biological significance of these structures.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 03/29/2010

saraheh
saraheh 🇺🇸

3 documents

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TERM 1
Why are circulation and transport systems
necessary?
DEFINITION 1
Surface Area Volume and Diffusion: -organisms that exceed
1-2 mm in diameter face a problem -most larger organism
have adaptions that compensate for this issue
TERM 2
Support in Sponges
DEFINITION 2
Spicules: -primarily spicules: triangled shapes -primarily
spongin: more of a sponge like quality to them -or BOTH!
TERM 3
Hydrostatic Skeleton
DEFINITION 3
-Requires closed cavity (pseudocoelom or coelum) -Support
derived from the pressure of the fluid within the organism
reinforced with muscles and a fibrous mesh -Pressure at one
point (via contraction) has consequences at another point
TERM 4
Hydrostatic Skeleton (cont.)
DEFINITION 4
-Typically found in aquatic or soil dwelling organisms with
particular attributes come certain constraints -Offers some
level of protection (DOES BEST IN AQUATIC HABITATS AND
SUBSTRATES)
TERM 5
Exoskeleton
DEFINITION 5
-External covering for support and protection -Serves as
muscle attachment site -Found in most arthropods and
mollusks -ALL Arthropod exoskeleton is chitin based -Mollusk
exoskeleton is calcium carbonate based
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Why are circulation and transport systems

necessary?

Surface Area Volume and Diffusion: -organisms that exceed 1-2 mm in diameter face a problem -most larger organism have adaptions that compensate for this issue TERM 2

Support in Sponges

DEFINITION 2 Spicules: -primarily spicules: triangled shapes -primarily spongin: more of a sponge like quality to them -or BOTH! TERM 3

Hydrostatic Skeleton

DEFINITION 3 -Requires closed cavity (pseudocoelom or coelum) -Support derived from the pressure of the fluid within the organism reinforced with muscles and a fibrous mesh -Pressure at one point (via contraction) has consequences at another point TERM 4

Hydrostatic Skeleton (cont.)

DEFINITION 4 -Typically found in aquatic or soil dwelling organisms with particular attributes come certain constraints -Offers some level of protection (DOES BEST IN AQUATIC HABITATS AND SUBSTRATES) TERM 5

Exoskeleton

DEFINITION 5 -External covering for support and protection -Serves as muscle attachment site -Found in most arthropods and mollusks -ALL Arthropod exoskeleton is chitin based -Mollusk exoskeleton is calcium carbonate based

Mollusk Exoskeleton

-grow with organism -develops via the mantle -have a huge diversity (even within individual species) TERM 7

Arthropod Exoskeleton

DEFINITION 7

  • Does not grow with the organism (molts are needed) - Exoskeleton has 4 functional regions TERM 8

4 Functional Regions of Arthropod

Exoskeletons

DEFINITION 8

  1. Epicuticle - desiccation prevention (outer most layer, prevent water loss) 2) Procuticle - chitin fibers and protein matrix (support and Dfence) 3) Epidermis secretes cuticle layers 4) Basement membrane - support TERM 9

Endoskeleton

DEFINITION 9 -Internal skeleton (support and protection) -Serves as muscle attachment site -Grows with the other tissues -Found in echinoderms and chordates (Echinoderm endoskeletons made of connective tissue and CaCO3) (Chordate endoskeletons - made up of cartilage bone or both) TERM 10

Echinoderm Exoskeleton

DEFINITION 10 -Composed of CaCO3 and connective tissue -Ossicles forming a lattice -Optimization: low weight - high strength (found in all echinoderms!)

Skeletal Adaptations

-Cartilage skeletons -Bony fishes Extremely reduced bones in limbs -Marine mammals Spongy and less stiff Limb bones are reduced in size and number TERM 17

Terrestrial environment

DEFINITION 17 -A much different scenario -Movement through a less dense medium (in many cases) -Gravity necessitates a number of adaptations! TERM 18

Terrestrial Skeletal Adaptations

DEFINITION 18 -Bony skeletons -Birds reduced bone numbers and hollow interior -Skeletons reflect the diversity of lifestyles exhibited by vertebrates (Herbivores, predators, etc )