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Various types of animal skeletons, their functions, and adaptations to different environments. Topics include circulation and transport systems, support structures in sponges, hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons in arthropods and mollusks, endoskeletons in chordates and echinoderms, and skeletal adaptations to buoyancy and gravity. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the biological significance of these structures.
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Surface Area Volume and Diffusion: -organisms that exceed 1-2 mm in diameter face a problem -most larger organism have adaptions that compensate for this issue TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 Spicules: -primarily spicules: triangled shapes -primarily spongin: more of a sponge like quality to them -or BOTH! TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 -Requires closed cavity (pseudocoelom or coelum) -Support derived from the pressure of the fluid within the organism reinforced with muscles and a fibrous mesh -Pressure at one point (via contraction) has consequences at another point TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 -Typically found in aquatic or soil dwelling organisms with particular attributes come certain constraints -Offers some level of protection (DOES BEST IN AQUATIC HABITATS AND SUBSTRATES) TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 -External covering for support and protection -Serves as muscle attachment site -Found in most arthropods and mollusks -ALL Arthropod exoskeleton is chitin based -Mollusk exoskeleton is calcium carbonate based
-grow with organism -develops via the mantle -have a huge diversity (even within individual species) TERM 7
DEFINITION 7
DEFINITION 8
DEFINITION 9 -Internal skeleton (support and protection) -Serves as muscle attachment site -Grows with the other tissues -Found in echinoderms and chordates (Echinoderm endoskeletons made of connective tissue and CaCO3) (Chordate endoskeletons - made up of cartilage bone or both) TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 -Composed of CaCO3 and connective tissue -Ossicles forming a lattice -Optimization: low weight - high strength (found in all echinoderms!)
-Cartilage skeletons -Bony fishes Extremely reduced bones in limbs -Marine mammals Spongy and less stiff Limb bones are reduced in size and number TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 -A much different scenario -Movement through a less dense medium (in many cases) -Gravity necessitates a number of adaptations! TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 -Bony skeletons -Birds reduced bone numbers and hollow interior -Skeletons reflect the diversity of lifestyles exhibited by vertebrates (Herbivores, predators, etc )