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The 'golden age' of opera, a period between 1820 and 1900 marked by innovation and nationalism in italian and german opera. The works and styles of key composers such as rossini, bellini, verdi, wagner, and the russian five. It discusses the evolution of opera from early italian opera to late german opera, highlighting the characteristics, innovations, and important works of each period.
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I. The “Golden Age” of Opera A. The years between 1820-1900 are considered the “golden” age of opera
II. Early Italian Opera A. Background
III. Late Italian Opera A. Giuseppe Verdi
b. Important Works (1) Rienzi (2) Flying Dutchman (3) Tannhauser (4) Lohengrin
(3) Leitmotif (a) Distinguished his romantic operas (pre-1850) from his musical dramas (post-1850) (b) Musical motive representing a character, emotion, or situation (4) Versemelodie (Verse Melody) (a) Vocal line expresses the surface meaning of the present (5) Orchestermelodie (Orchestra melody) (a) Orchestra represents what is unspoken or subconscious (through the leitmotif) c. Important Texts (1) Art and Revolution (2) The Artwork of the Future (3) Opera and Drama (a) Stated his new philosophies for Gesamtkunswerk d. Important Works (1) Tristan und Isolde (2) Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (3) Der Ring des Nibelungen (a) Das Rheingold (“The Gold of the Rhine”) (b) Die Walküre (“The Valkyrie”) (c) Siegfried (d) Die Götterdämmerung (4) Parsifal B. Comparison between Wagner and Verdi
VI. The Symphonic Poem A. Program Music
VII. The Origins of Musical Nationalism A. Began in the later part of the 19th^ century and brought about through political changes in Europe
X. Impressionism A. Background