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development psychology
focuses on changes that occur across the lifespan
TERM 2
critical period
DEFINITION 2
the timing of experience determines learningproper
stimulation = normal development
TERM 3
cross sectional
DEFINITION 3
The people you are born with.Several groups at one time are
tested.Most people are this.
TERM 4
Longitudinal
DEFINITION 4
Designs suffer from survivor effects. This is costly and time
consuming.Same group tested at different times in their
life.Less subjects.
TERM 5
Ovum
DEFINITION 5
Penetrated by male gamete or sperm cell
zygote
fertilized cell
TERM 7
monozygotic
DEFINITION 7
identical twins. Came from the same egg
TERM 8
Dizygotic
DEFINITION 8
Fraternal twins. Came from two eggs fertilized by different
sperm
TERM 9
genotype
DEFINITION 9
the genes we inherit
TERM 10
phenotype
DEFINITION 10
expression of genes
fetal stage
bone to muscle tissue develop. By the end of 4 months
external body parts are present. Fetus may move8th week to
birth
TERM 17
infancy
DEFINITION 17
birth through toddler stage.
TERM 18
childhood
DEFINITION 18
todderhood through the onset of adolescence
TERM 19
cerebral cortex
DEFINITION 19
the outer most bark of the brain
TERM 20
cerebral hemisphere
DEFINITION 20
specialize for handedness, left side for language
cephalocaudal principle
growth proceeds from head to tail
TERM 22
proximodistal principle
DEFINITION 22
growth proceeds from inner to outer
TERM 23
2 physical growth principles
DEFINITION 23
cephalocaudalproximodistal
TERM 24
motor development
DEFINITION 24
this occurs from simple to complex and from automatic to
voluntary
TERM 25
reflexes
DEFINITION 25
simple and involuntary responses to stimuli
facial discrimination
infants show a preference to look at pictures of the human
face.By 3 months they can recognize a picture of their
mothers face
TERM 32
schemas of piaget
DEFINITION 32
these are mental structures, representations or memory
traces that process and hold information
TERM 33
piaget
DEFINITION 33
_______ says that children learn by assimilation and
accomodation
TERM 34
4 stages of cognitive development of piaget
DEFINITION 34
sensory motorpreoperationalconcrete operationsformal
operations
TERM 35
sensory motor
DEFINITION 35
birth to 24 monthsthe infant is developing sense of causality
as he hits the mobile to obtain the sensory stimulation from
the moving object
object permanence
the child's understanding that objects continue to exist even
though not currently perceived.Out of site out of mind.
TERM 37
preoperational
DEFINITION 37
2-7 yearsrepresentation of symbols and language begins
TERM 38
centration
DEFINITION 38
the inability to evaluate 2 or more physical dimensions at
once
TERM 39
decentrated
DEFINITION 39
child understands that change in form does not change
essential character
TERM 40
egocentricism
DEFINITION 40
the child is unable to take perspective of others
STM
Bottleneck is Millers magic number 7
TERM 47
DEFINITION 47
we can only hold _______ items in STM at one time
TERM 48
secondary memory
DEFINITION 48
LTM - long term memory
TERM 49
LTM
DEFINITION 49
thought to be permanentthere is no limitthe bottleneck is
retrieval
TERM 50
piaget
DEFINITION 50
______assumed that moral development would depend on
cognitive development
Durkheum
______ believed that morality was something society did to
the child
TERM 52
morality of constraint
DEFINITION 52
learn a set of rules from adults
TERM 53
morality of cooperation
DEFINITION 53
learns from peers
TERM 54
kohlberg
DEFINITION 54
______ expanded piaget's theory of morality.Moral
development depends on cognitive development.
TERM 55
preconventional morality
DEFINITION 55
this is self serving morality
9 Personality characteristics
activity levelrhythmicityapproach -
withdrawaladaptabilityintensity of reactionthreshold of
responsivenessquality of mooddistractibilityattention span
TERM 62
Bowlby
DEFINITION 62
_____ suggested an ethology theory
TERM 63
attachment
DEFINITION 63
an emotional tie of 2 individuals
TERM 64
Ainsworth
DEFINITION 64
______ designed the strange situation to study attachment
TERM 65
Secure attachment
DEFINITION 65
the infant explores the room when mother is there, look back
at mother when exploring, exhibit moderate distress when
mom leaves and when she returns, cling to mom
Insecure attachment
the infants don't explore, cry at mom's departure and are not
consoled by her return
TERM 67
Learning
DEFINITION 67
_____ is a relatively durable change in potential behavior or
knowledge that results from experience
TERM 68
Thorndike
DEFINITION 68
_______ formed the law of effect (1911)
TERM 69
law of effect
DEFINITION 69
this states that behavior followed by a satisfying
consequence will be strengthened
TERM 70
Discriminative stimulus
DEFINITION 70
_______ is a stimulus that signals the availability of
reinforcement(S^d)
CR
Conditioned response
TERM 77
Acquisition trial
DEFINITION 77
pairing of the CS and UCS
TERM 78
delayed conditioning
DEFINITION 78
CS just precedes the UCS and CS stays on during UCS.Best
learning.
TERM 79
extinction trial
DEFINITION 79
this is repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS.
TERM 80
spontaneous recovery
DEFINITION 80
after extinction has yielded 0 of the CR a period of rest with
no CS occurs
generalization
________ exist when a stimulus similar to the CS is presented
and elicits the CR.
TERM 82
Discrimination
DEFINITION 82
________ exist when only the defined CS elicits the CR and
stimuli similar to the CS do not result in the CR
TERM 83
higher order conditioning
DEFINITION 83
an indirect CS -- UCS association is used to produce new
learning
TERM 84
reinforcement
DEFINITION 84
______ is any stimulus that increases the probability of the
reocurrence of an event
TERM 85
positive
reinforcement
DEFINITION 85
______ is a stimulus that increases the probability of a
response
punishment
the subject emits an operant, and the behavior is followed by
negative reinforcer
TERM 92
strength of operant
DEFINITION 92
______ is measured by the rate of response
TERM 93
Bandura
DEFINITION 93
______ formed what he called social learning theory.Learn
from watching models.
TERM 94
Learning paradigms
DEFINITION 94
Escape, avoidance and punishment.
TERM 95
sub zero
DEFINITION 95
prevent spontaneous recovery.
classical learning
Need reflex.Often called pavlonian conditioning.
TERM 97
Operant learning
DEFINITION 97
often called Skinnerian or instrumental
TERM 98
Brain development
DEFINITION 98
the newborn has 100% of its neurons.The growth of the
nervous system is much faster than the overall body.
TERM 99
cortex
DEFINITION 99
Most of the neurons in the brain are contained in the _______
TERM 100
Lateralization
DEFINITION 100
________ for language may begin as early as 3 months old.
