Download Test 1 Study Guide - Music Appreciation | MUS 100 and more Exams Music in PDF only on Docsity!
MUS 100 - MUSIC APPRECIATION
DR. MONTALTO
STUDY GUIDE
TEST 1
Uses of Music Religious Patriotic Ritual (graduation, parades, football games, etc.) Entertainment (dances, movies, TV, ballet, opera, concerts, etc.) Courtship - music plays a part, ritualistic or not, of courtship in most cultures Medicinal - Music Therapy
Cultural aspects Popular music (rock, rap, country, pop, etc.) - any type of music that is sold to the public as a commodity and is meant to appeal to the largest possible segment of society Folk music - created largely by untrained musicians; reflects culture through use of traditional scales, rhythms, lyrical content. American folk music contains elements of mother country - Irish, African, French (Cajun), Mexican. Art Music, Classical Music, Serious Music - music that reflects a historical tradition, composed and performed by highly trained musicians. Art music of other countries sounds strange to our ears because we can not relate to its basic use of instruments, scales, etc. or its historical and cultural traditions.
Perception of Music We appreciate music on different levels. Cultural Conditioning - We appreciate what we have been taught to appreciate. Major influences are parents, later peers.
Sensory Level - reaches us through sense of hearing, appeals to kinesthetic sense (the sense of movement)
Associative Level - imagination and memories, film and television scores. Associative level appeal is utilized by advertisers. Personal symbolism - sad or happy memories are associated with songs.
“Musical” or Intellectual Level - few people reach this level. Requires knowledge of music in analytical terms.
Program music - instrumental music with a literary or pictorial idea attached to it Absolute (Abstract) music - instrumental music with no meaning attached to it
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
Pitch Duration Timbre Dynamics Texture Form Notation
Pitch Standard tuning pitch - A- Lowest, highest audible pitch perceived by humans 12 - 20,000 Hz Softest sound - limited by bodily noise Loudest sound - 150 db Notation - Guido d’Arezzo invented staff, do-re-mi syllables Melody - a series of individual notes heard as a coherent unit Chord - group of notes sounding simultaneously, heard as a unity Triad - 3-note chord Arpeggio - a chord played as individual notes Harmony - a logical series of chords Scales - major, minor Diatonic scales have 2 types of intervals - half steps and whole steps. the major scale is a diatonic scale 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½ - the pattern of whole steps and half steps in a major scale
Music that revolves around a central pitch or chord is called Tonal Music
Duration pulse or beat - the basic rhythmic unit tempo - the rate of the pulse meter - the grouping of beats into groups of 2, 3, 4 or other units rhythm - the division or combination of beats into individual notes
Timbre - the type of sound used to convey a musical event Complex sounds are made up of many simple sounds in different ratios which change over time Instruments Woodwind (flute - the highest pitched woodwind, oboe, clarinet, bassoon - the lowest pitched woodwind), saxophone) Brass (French horn, trumpet - the highest pitched brass, trombone, tuba - the lowest pitched brass) Percussion (snare drum, tympani, xylophone, vibraphone, cymbals, gong) Strings (violin, viola, cello, bass) Keyboards (harpsichord, piano, organ, synthesizer) Harp Fretted instruments (guitar, electric guitar, electric bass, banjo, ukulele)
TEST 2
MUSICAL ERAS
Medieval 900- Renaissance 1400- Baroque 1600- Classical 1750- Romantic 1800- 20th Century Pre-War 1900- Contemporary 1950-present
ANCIENT MUSIC
All music before 900 AD is referred to as Ancient Music. The oldest surviving notated music is the Hurran Cult Song from ancient Ugarit (called the Hittites in the Bible) - 1400 BC There are several examples of music from ancient Greece and very few examples from Ancient Rome
Examples: Hittite Hurran Cult Song from Ancient Ugarit (1400 B.C.) Greek First Delphic Hymn to Apollo (130 B. C.)
MEDIEVAL ERA (900-1400)
Theocentric (God-centered) world view Medieval music developed from existing Jewish chant Earliest composers of “notated” music were generally anonymous monks Guido d’Arezzo - 11th century theorist, teacher - invented staff, Guidonian hand, Do-Re-Mi syllables
Vocal music predominates - Music used in celebration of the Mass is some of the earliest notated music in Christian era. The Mass: Ordinary - text which is the same in all Masses Proper - text which changes for each Mass Monophony - Gregorian chant; a single, unaccompanied melodic line Polyphony - addition of a second or third melodic line Composers included Leonin, Perotin, Machaut
Examples: Anonymous Gregorian Chant: Puer natus est nobis Pérotin (1190-1225) 3-voice Polyphony: Alleluia, Nativtas
RENAISSANCE ERA (1400-1600)
Renaissance means “rebirth” Anthropocentric (man-centered) rather than Theocentric (God-centered) world view Power shifted from church to courts Ancient Greece & Rome looked at as models Opportunities for music - marriages, court chapels Art glorified man in perfect form, without blemishes
Harmony - triad established as basic sound Polyphony becomes most used texture
Growth of instrumental music Lute (guitar-like instrument played with quill or fingernails), harpsichord, organ Indoor (soft) and outdoor (loud) instruments - the “racket” was an outdoor instrument
Renaissance secular vocal music included the carol and the ballett, which used “nonsense” syllables
Examples: Josquin des Prez (1440-1521) Absalon, fili mi Thomas Morley (1557-1602) Ballett: Sing We and Chant It Giovanni Gabrieli (1553-1612) In ecclesiis
BAROQUE ERA (1600-1750)
Kapellmeister court conductor, town music director
Rhythm - push towards first beat Tonal system replaces modal system Modern system of tuning becomes standard
Baroque forms Opera (“works”) - originated in Florence, c. 1600 under Vincenzo Galileo Aria - song-like melodic style used to exhibit singer’s skills and/or to develop character Recitative - declamatory melodic style used to develop plot and/or present dialogue
Cantata - religious music featuring soloists, chorus, instrumentals; important in German Lutheran services
Oratorio - similar to opera, but no costumes or staging
Concerto grosso - a work for small group of soloists and orchestra in 3 movements (fast-slow- fast)
Texture - melody supported by harmony (homophonic); polyphony avoided Melody - more memorable, “motivic”, symmetrical Harmony - tonic/dominant, used structurally Piano replaces harpsichord as main keyboard instrument
Classical Forms Symphony - 4 movement work for orchestra in sonata form Concerto - work for soloist and orchestra in sonata form Solo sonata String quartet - work for 2 violins, viola, cello in sonata form
JOSEF HAYDN (1732-1809), Austria Kapellmeister at Esterhazy court in Eisenstadt, near Vienna Widely published and performed (including New York), honorary degree by Oxford University. 104 symphonies, over 80 string quartets, operas
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791), Austria As a child, he toured Europe with his sister Could play a work after hearing it once Composed over 600 compositions in all forms
Examples: Josef Haydn Symphony #104 in D Major, Movt. 1 Wolfgang Mozart Piano Concerto #23 in A Major, Movt. 1 Queen of the Night Aria from The Magic Flute
TEST 3
ROMANTIC ERA (1800-1900)
Freedom of expression dominates form Interest in fantasy, exoticism locales Growth of orchestra (20-60/Classical, 100+/Romantic) Development of virtuoso techniques, esp. Piano and Violin Tempo - pulse is obscured through use of rubato - the speeding up and slowing down of pulse Freelance composers
Romantic forms - symphony, program symphony, overture, incidental music, symphonic poem, art song, song cycle New instruments - English horn, contrabassoon, valved brass instruments, percussion section
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN (1770-1827), Germany Alcoholic father, mother died of syphilis, one of 7 children, four died early Father wanted him to be the next Mozart Studied with Haydn, Salieri Transitional figure between Classical and Romantic Eras Compositions include 9 symphonies, 11 overtures, incidental music for plays, violin concertos, 5 piano concertos, 30 piano sonatas Beethoven’s music reflects his personality, his thoughts on his philosophy of life, his reactions to his deafness - started when he was 28, total by 1820.
ROBERT SCHUMANN (1810-1856), Germany Wanted to be piano virtuoso until he ruined finger. Married Clara Wieck (daughter of his piano teacher) - met when he 18, she 9 Nervous breakdown 4 years after marriage. Attempted suicide by throwing himself into Rhine, self-committed to asylum. Died 2 years later. Clara survived him 40 years.
FRANZ LISZT (1811-1886), Hungary Considered to be the greatest pianist of his day. At age 36 he quit performing to be composer, court conductor for Grand Duke at Weimar. In 1861 he left Weimar to go to Rome for religious studies (age 50) In 1865 he became a monk
RICHARD WAGNER (1813-1883), Germany One of the most controversial composers in history. His operas and artistic philosophy influenced musicians, poets, playwrights, painters. Was sure of his place in history. Ruthless. Strongly German nationalist, anti-Jewish. Designed opera house in Bayreuth, funded by King Ludwig of Bavaria and donations from Wagner fan clubs.
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874-1951), Austria 1908 abandoned tonality, emancipation of dissonance 1921 invented 12-tone system. - mathematical manipulation of pitches. Moved to U.S., taught at UCLA, lived few blocks from Stravinsky. Sprechstimme (speech-voice) Expressionism - Reaction against French Impressionism. Whereas Impressionism depicts outward appearances, Expressionism depicts inner feelings of human psyche. Rejected “prettiness”, preoccupied with death, anguish, conscious attempt to shock audience
BÉLA BARTÓK (1881-1945), Hungary. Father died when Béla was 7, mother was itinerant schoolteacher, taught him piano. 1907-1934 taught piano at alma mater, Budapest Academy of Music. More popular as pianist than composer in his lifetime. Authority on peasant music of Magyars, Rumanians, Slovaks, Turks, Arabs of North Africa. Strongly influenced by folk music. Felt that scales used for folk melodies as well as changes of meter could be adapted to create a contemporary style. Bartók felt that folk music originated in, and was, the ultimate expression of the “soul” of a people.
AARON COPLAND (1900-1990), Born in Brooklyn of Russian-Jewish parents. Discovered music by self, not pushed by parents. Studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. Early 1930’s wrote serious, highly dissonant works Great Depression brought on change of style. Anti-elitist, more accessible. Simplified style, used jazz, cowboy songs, folk tunes in order to reach wider, “common” audience Texture is transparent, simplified harmonies, tonal, percussive orchestration.
Examples: Igor Stravinsky Le Sacre du Printemps, Part 1, Excerpt Arnold Schoenberg Pierrot Lunaire, # Bela Bartok Music for Strings, Percussion and Celeste, Movt. 3 Aaron Copland Fanfare for the Common Man
CONTEMPORARY (1950-PRESENT)
World War II, advances in technology, and rejection of the past led to redefinition of music Major developments:
- Use of the element of chance in the composition and performance of music.
- Use of technology led to the development of electronic music.
- Increased use of twelve-tone system, including the extension of techniques into the organization of other dimensions of music - serialism.
- Composition of music in which tone color, texture, dynamics and rhythm are as important as pitch - liberation of sound.
- Use of mixed-media, theatrical elements.
- Return to tonality in Minimalist and Neo-Romantic music.
- Computer music.
Composers move from style to style, sometimes within a work - influence of Ives. Freedom of rhythm, pitch, led to developments of new notation, graphic scores, proportional notation. Use of new pitch resources (microtones, new scales, tone clusters) Unconventional instruments and techniques.
Serialism - the extension of 12-tone techniques to all elements of music. Total serialism leads to random sounding music, but each note, tone color, rhythm tightly organized.
PIERRE BOULEZ (1925- ), France Director of New York Philharmonic in 1970’s after Leonard Bernstein; well-recorded conductor. One of first serialist composers Former Director of IRCAM, Paris Highly complex, “intellectual” music Boulez feels that a work is never complete; constantly revises works
KRYSZTOF PENDERECKI (1933- ), Poland Late 1950’s avant-garde emerged in Poland after revolt against Stalinism. Serialism, electronic music, etc. possible. Studied music privately, then at University of Cracow, graduated in 1958. 1959 won first, second and third tie in composition contest sponsored by Polish Union of Composers Early music explores sonic capabilities of traditional instruments Later works are in New-Romantic style
JOHN ADAMS (1947- )
Minimalism - Attempt to capture audience. Reaction against “elitist” serial music. Serial music was too complex for listener, unpopular with many musicians, difficult to perform w/expression, cold. Simplification of harmonic, melodic concepts, return to tonality, return to feeling of pulse. Trance, hypnotic, related to transcendental meditation. New Age, pop music influenced by minimalist music. Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass, John Adams
Examples: Pierre Boulez Anthemes II Krysztof Penderecki De Natura Sonoris No. 1 Credo John Adams Short Ride in a Fast Machine
First rock oriented musical - Bye, Bye Birdie Rock operas - following the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, other concept albums were created, including Tommy (The Who) and Jesus Christ, Superstar (Andrew Lloyd Webber)
Examples: Camptown Races Stephen Foster 1860’s Popular music Swanee George Gershwin, performed by Al Jolson Tin Pan Alley song Ol’ Man River from Showboat Jerome Kern, Oscar Hammerstein II, performed by William Warfield from the first Broadway Musical
AFRICAN-AMERICAN INFLUENCES
Slaves brought from West Africa - Gold Coast, Ivory Coast
Elements of African Music Communalism Music has goal besides entertainment (birth, puberty rites, hunting trips) Dance & music tied - body used as instrument Call & response Improvisation Additive rhythm “Dirty” tone - rattles (bottle tops on drums), buzz, growls
Coast of GA & SC retained African culture more strongly than inland Latin - Catholics (Spanish & French) imported slaves; slaves identified saints w/multiple deities of African religion Protestant (British) were slave owners; originally converted slaves to Christianity, taught to read 19th century - slaves forbidden from church, African instruments outlawed “Field Holler” - music sung in fields
African Music Characteristics Blue notes Tone production Motor rhythm Syncopation Swing feel (related to ritual music in 5/4? - speed up 5 and you get 3+2 swing feel) Improvisation Heterophony
RAGTIME
First rags were vocal, grew out of minstrel tradition Piano rags developed in saloons, bordellos. Later were alternative to middle-class home piano music Player piano helped to popularize ragtime Scott Joplin (1868-1917) Texarkana, TX. Formal training, wrote rags, operetta Ragtime died with Scott Joplin - the same year the first jazz recording was made
Example: Maple Leaf Rag Scott Joplin
BLUES
Epic ballads imported from Britain; African-Americans copied, but substituted legendary heroes, villains and events from black culture (John Henry, Frankie and Johnny) Blues had AAB form
Lyrics had sexual double entendre 1890’s folklore scholars witness blues in workplace and in bars in Deep South, also TX and LA
Mississippi Delta Blues (Rural Blues) After Civil War blacks outnumbered whites in Delta 7:1; forestry, levee construction, cotton provided employment David Evans, Paul Oliver and others trace Delta blues to Dockery’s Plantation in Sunflower County, MS Charley Patton is thought to be the “father of Delta blues”; born 1881 near Jackson; worked at Dockery’s Plantation 1897-1928/29; recorded when he was 40; “bottleneck” guitar; taught Robert Johnson, Howlin’ Wolf
Record companies were based in North Birmingham, Montgomery had blues tradition, but were ignored northern companies Atlanta - Charlie Lincoln, Blind Willie McTell; Dallas - Blind Lemon Jefferson, Lonnie Johnson, both originally from Louisiana Louisville, KY - jug band (later Memphis); jug, kazoo, washboard, Jew’s harp, harmonica Memphis - Beale Street - W.C. Handy; TOBA (Theater Owner’s Booking Agency), owned by Anthony Barrasso, booked blacks into theaters catering to black patrons; underpaid, squalid working conditions, but only employment in many cases; Sam Phillips recording studio “Race Records” - originally a blues label, later a generic term for rhythm and blues recordings Chicago - World War I caused booming industry, partly due to reduction of European immigrants; blacks moved North to Chicago (also Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia, New York) for employment; urban blues develops
1940 - Billboard changes “race record” category to “rhythm and blues” Phil and Leonard Chess (bar owners) start Chess Records and Checker Records - Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry other important blues artists
I've Got You Under My Skin Frank Sinatra, written by Cole Porter 1940’s Swing Vocalist, Tin Pan Alley song Budo Miles Davis - 1/21/ Bebop “Intro” from Aura Miles Davis - 1989 Fusion
COUNTRY MUSIC
Anglo-American, male, working class/poor South Potato famine in Ireland - 1.6 million immigrants to US, Europe; indentured servants Ballad - narrative song that tells a story. “Child ballad” - Francis James Child (1825-96) published 305 English and Scottish ballads (based on oral tradition) in 10 volumes - 1882- Broadside ballad - printed on large single sheets Instruments - same as delta blues - fiddle, bagpipe, banjo (African), guitar (Spanish) Atlanta was first center of country music (WSB, March, 1922 was first radio station in South) Ralph Peer recorded John Carson, fiddler, for General Phonograph Co. (Okeh label) because of success of black blues vocalist
Grand Ole Opry 1922 WBAP, Fort Worth - “Barn Dance” 1924 WLS, Chicago - “National Barn Dance”; George Hay, announcer, heard folk music at a funeral in Arkansas 1945 National Life & Accident Insurance Co. started similar show on WSM, Nashville, hired Hay to announce Hay was “The Solemn Old Judge”, featured locals playing “for the thrill of being on the radio”; NBC picks up feed from Nashville, puts show following Metropolitan Opera broadcast; in parody, Hay calls his show the “Grand Ole Opry”; Ryman Auditorium; moved to Opryland, USA in 1975; now back at renovated Ryman Carter family (A.P., Sara, Maybelle) Western Swing - Bob Willis, Bill Boyd Hank Williams (yodel), Chet Atkins, Les Paul (solid body guitar, talk box, multitrack recorder) Bakersfield, CA; competed with Nashville in 1960’s; Merle Haggard, Buck Owens; Academy of Country Music Austin - 1970s “outlaw country”; Wayland Jennings, Willie Nelson (1933, Fort Worth) originally known as songwriter (Funny How Times Slips Away, Crazy)
Crossover - 1970s - melding of country and rock - Eagles
Examples: Strathsprey & Reel Fiddle Sticks Traditional Irish music Sweet Fern The Carter Family - 2/14/ Early Country music
Jig Bill Boyd & His Cowboy Ramblers - 4/9/ Western Swing
THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ROCK
Developed from merger of urban blues and country Big Joe Turner, Chicago Sam Philips - Memphis Rocket 88 - Jackie Brenston & Ike Turner’s Kings of Rhythm (Turner from Clarksdale, MS)
Alan Freed, Cleveland - first person to apply the term “Rock and Roll” to a style of music; convicted of receiving payola
Bill Haley - Detroit; Western Swing Band, Bill Haley and the Comets in 1951; 1954 Shake, Rattle & Roll; 1954 Rock Around the Clock
New Orleans - Cosimo Matassa; Antoine “Fats” Domino; Little Richard (Richard Penniman)
1953 Elvis Presley records with Sun Records
Atlantic Records, R&B label founded in 1948 by sons of Turkish diplomat (Ahmet Ertegun) Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller signed as songwriters--Coasters, Drifters, Willie May “Big Mama” Thornton Hound Dog covered by Elvis also Jailhouse Rock, other Elvis tunes Phil Specter - created own sound; “wall of sound”
Examples: How High the Moon Les Paul & Mary Ford - 3/ 1950’s Pop Shake, Rattle & Roll Big Joe Turner - 2/15/ 1950’s Rhythm and Blues Maybelline Chuck Berry - 1955, written by C. Berry, Russ Fratto, Alan Freed 1950’s Rock and Roll See You Later, Alligator Bill Haley - 1955 1950’s Rock and Roll Hound Dog Elvis Presley - 8/56, written by Leiber, Stoller 1950’s Rock and Roll
The British Invasion
1964 - American rock ruled by major record companies
Beatles formed by John Lennon (1941) in 1956 as Blackjacks, later Quarry Men (skiffle group), Paul McCartney (1942) added in 1957, Stu Sutcliffe (bassist), George Harrison added later. Ringo Starr joined when Pete Best fired. Toured Hamburg, played Cavern Club Brian Epstein (record store owner) cleaned up image Signed to EMI/Parlophone in 1962; Love Me Do/P.S. I Love You recorded in September
