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Definitions and explanations of various key terms in the field of psychology, including the works of william james, positivism, introspection, behaviorism, sigmund freud, as well as concepts such as validity, reliability, aptitude and achievement tests, objective and projective tests, normal distribution, fluid and crystallized intelligence, and temperament.
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considered as the founder of American psychology. Stream of consciousness TERM 2
DEFINITION 2 the idea that in order for something to be studied, it mus te OBSERVABLE by different ppl at different times. placed an emphasis on measureable data as the basis for scientific inquiry. TERM 3
DEFINITION 3 asking people to describe their conscious experience. structuralists used this method but it lacks the objectivity and verifiability. because experiements were not applicable. TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 focus on objectively observable BEHAVIOR.. we can understand human behavior by hb. -skinner and pavlov. u can see it and measure it TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 -most influential intellectuals of the 21st century. -stage theorist -psychosexual stages, pleasure -invented psychoanalysis -hysteria,uncounscious -psychoanalytic theory, psycho analysis -ppl cannot change. pessimistic. individual focus -Ego, id, superego
the ypothetical construct we are trying to MEASURE 9eg. intelligence) TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 what we actually measure ( eg. the ability to take IQ tests) = IQ score is not intelligence. TERM 8
DEFINITION 8 how closely the manifest construct matches the latent construct. TERM 9
DEFINITION 9 -describes how well a test measures watever it measures. - measured by correlation - just because a test is reliable, does not mean it is valid. TERM 10
DEFINITION 10 test, retest alternative form tests inter-rater reliability item level reliability = should get the same answer.
meant to measure your potential and predict future performance based on certain characteristics TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 meant to measure what you know and what you have learned, already have of knowledge - SAT aptitude... but many argue that its achievement. TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 does an expensive, time-consuming test (like the Rorschach Test) give us any additional information that cannot be obtained using a simpler, less expensive test (like the MMAI) TERM 19
DEFINITION 19
DEFINITION 20
Objective test is a psychological test that measure an individual's characteristics in a way that is independent of rater bias or the examiner's own beliefs, usually by the administration of a bank of questions that are marked and compared against exacting scoring mechanisms that are completely standardized, much in the same examinations are administere =easy, automatically scored TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. project ur personality onto a neurtral stimulus. 1.hypothetical construct 2.prediction 3. correlation? TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 IQ and life success has discontinuous relationship. around 120 or 130, positive relationship but at somepoint, not really. TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 IQ is heritable. headstart program proved that IQ's of student did not go up. TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 the idea that heritdity (genes) map out potential outcomes, and environmental factors place you somewhere within that range genes give you a potential range (individuals have different ranges) and environment places you within that range.
the ability to think dynamically as aging, decreases TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 accumulated knowledge based on EXPERIENCE; a more static way of thinking as aging, remains or increases TERM 33
DEFINITION 33 a deep seated predisposition to reacting to athe environment in a certain way o Temperament as a baby (stable or fuss) does correlate with temperament as an adult (stable or fussy) TERM 34
DEFINITION 34 you compare people born in 1970, 1980, 1990, etc. o Benefits: it is easier and cheaper o Problems: you are not comparing the same people across time. It is a one-time assessment of people born at different times. So you have a big problem with confounding variables. TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional design. This is a MUCH better way to go about development research than the other two options, but it is very difficult and very expensive to conduct. o Benefit: reduces the influence of the cohort effect on your finding. It allows you to compare changes in the same individuals across time, AND compare those changes to changes that occur in other cohorts