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Psychology Terms: James, Positivism, Introspection, Behaviorism, Freud, Validity, Reliabil, Quizzes of Psychology

Definitions and explanations of various key terms in the field of psychology, including the works of william james, positivism, introspection, behaviorism, sigmund freud, as well as concepts such as validity, reliability, aptitude and achievement tests, objective and projective tests, normal distribution, fluid and crystallized intelligence, and temperament.

Typology: Quizzes

2009/2010

Uploaded on 03/04/2010

haeun714
haeun714 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
William James
DEFINITION 1
considered as the founder of American psychology. Stream of
consciousness
TERM 2
Positivism
DEFINITION 2
the idea that in order for something to be studied, it mus te
OBSERVABLE by different ppl at different times. placed an
emphasis on measureable data as the basis for scientific
inquiry.
TERM 3
introspection
DEFINITION 3
asking people to describe their conscious experience.
structuralists used this method but it lacks the objectivity
and verifiability. because experiements were not applicable.
TERM 4
behaviorism
DEFINITION 4
focus on objectively observable BEHAVIOR.. we can
understand human behavior by hb. -skinner and pavlov. u
can see it and measure it
TERM 5
Sigmund Freud
DEFINITION 5
-most influential intellectuals of the 21st century. -stage
theorist -psychosexual stages, pleasure -invented
psychoanalysis -hysteria,uncounscious -psychoanalytic
theory, psycho analysis -ppl cannot change. pessimistic.
individual focus -Ego, id, superego
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William James

considered as the founder of American psychology. Stream of consciousness TERM 2

Positivism

DEFINITION 2 the idea that in order for something to be studied, it mus te OBSERVABLE by different ppl at different times. placed an emphasis on measureable data as the basis for scientific inquiry. TERM 3

introspection

DEFINITION 3 asking people to describe their conscious experience. structuralists used this method but it lacks the objectivity and verifiability. because experiements were not applicable. TERM 4

behaviorism

DEFINITION 4 focus on objectively observable BEHAVIOR.. we can understand human behavior by hb. -skinner and pavlov. u can see it and measure it TERM 5

Sigmund Freud

DEFINITION 5 -most influential intellectuals of the 21st century. -stage theorist -psychosexual stages, pleasure -invented psychoanalysis -hysteria,uncounscious -psychoanalytic theory, psycho analysis -ppl cannot change. pessimistic. individual focus -Ego, id, superego

latent construct

the ypothetical construct we are trying to MEASURE 9eg. intelligence) TERM 7

Manifest construct

DEFINITION 7 what we actually measure ( eg. the ability to take IQ tests) = IQ score is not intelligence. TERM 8

validity

DEFINITION 8 how closely the manifest construct matches the latent construct. TERM 9

reliability

DEFINITION 9 -describes how well a test measures watever it measures. - measured by correlation - just because a test is reliable, does not mean it is valid. TERM 10

how to determine reliability

DEFINITION 10 test, retest alternative form tests inter-rater reliability item level reliability = should get the same answer.

Aptitude tests

meant to measure your potential and predict future performance based on certain characteristics TERM 17

Achievement tests

DEFINITION 17 meant to measure what you know and what you have learned, already have of knowledge - SAT aptitude... but many argue that its achievement. TERM 18

incremental or consequential

validity

DEFINITION 18 does an expensive, time-consuming test (like the Rorschach Test) give us any additional information that cannot be obtained using a simpler, less expensive test (like the MMAI) TERM 19

Tests of personality include

DEFINITION 19

  • broad measures (measure all aspects of personality) - narrow measures (measure specific aspects of personality) - interest inventories (ask questions about your interests/preferences and recommend a profession although they dont indicate whether or not you will be any good at it. TERM 20

types of tests

DEFINITION 20

  • Achievement - Aptitude - Personality - Measures of psychological distress -objective test -projective tests

objective tests

Objective test is a psychological test that measure an individual's characteristics in a way that is independent of rater bias or the examiner's own beliefs, usually by the administration of a bank of questions that are marked and compared against exacting scoring mechanisms that are completely standardized, much in the same examinations are administere =easy, automatically scored TERM 22

projective tests

DEFINITION 22 In psychology, a projective test is a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts. project ur personality onto a neurtral stimulus. 1.hypothetical construct 2.prediction 3. correlation? TERM 23

Discontinuous relationship

DEFINITION 23 IQ and life success has discontinuous relationship. around 120 or 130, positive relationship but at somepoint, not really. TERM 24

Jennison

DEFINITION 24 IQ is heritable. headstart program proved that IQ's of student did not go up. TERM 25

Reaction range

DEFINITION 25 the idea that heritdity (genes) map out potential outcomes, and environmental factors place you somewhere within that range genes give you a potential range (individuals have different ranges) and environment places you within that range.

fluid intelligence

the ability to think dynamically as aging, decreases TERM 32

crystalized intelligence

DEFINITION 32 accumulated knowledge based on EXPERIENCE; a more static way of thinking as aging, remains or increases TERM 33

temperament

DEFINITION 33 a deep seated predisposition to reacting to athe environment in a certain way o Temperament as a baby (stable or fuss) does correlate with temperament as an adult (stable or fussy) TERM 34

cross section design

DEFINITION 34 you compare people born in 1970, 1980, 1990, etc. o Benefits: it is easier and cheaper o Problems: you are not comparing the same people across time. It is a one-time assessment of people born at different times. So you have a big problem with confounding variables. TERM 35

cross sequential design

DEFINITION 35 combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional design. This is a MUCH better way to go about development research than the other two options, but it is very difficult and very expensive to conduct. o Benefit: reduces the influence of the cohort effect on your finding. It allows you to compare changes in the same individuals across time, AND compare those changes to changes that occur in other cohorts