Download Test #1 Cell Injury/Aging/Death/Inflammation | NURS - Pathophysiology and more Quizzes Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
What is the purpose of cellular
adaption?
For protection and to escape from injury TERM 2
What is cellular atrophy and its
purpose?
DEFINITION 2 Decrease or shrinkage in cell size.This is a reversible process.Allows for survival when there is a chronic lack of resources or decreased workload. TERM 3
What are causes of cellular
atrophy?
DEFINITION 3 DECREASED: use or workload, blood supply, hormonal stimulus to endocrine-dependent organs, nervous stimulus to a muscle, nutrition (decreased glucose or amino acids).Or viral invasion (such as HIV leading to brain atrophy). TERM 4
What is cellular hypertrophy and its
purpose?
DEFINITION 4 Increase in cell size, synthesis of protein in the cellularcomponents(NOT an increase in cellular fluid)Helps the cell meet a need for increased workload.This is a reversible process. TERM 5
What are causes of cellular
hypertrophy?
DEFINITION 5 Dilation of cardiac chambers, removal of a kidney, growth of uterus and mammary glands in response to pregnancy
What is hyperplasia and its
purpose?
Only occurs in cells that are able to divide.Increased numbers of cells due to increased rate of cellular divisionEnable tissue to meet an increased demand. TERM 7
Compensatory hyperplasia
DEFINITION 7 Regeneration. Requires survival of basement membrane and tissue stem cells. TERM 8
What are causes of compensatory hyperplasia
DEFINITION 8 Removal of part of liver, normal callous formation from mechanical stimulus TERM 9
What cells can not regenerate?
DEFINITION 9 NerveBrainSkeletal muscleMyocardialLens of the eye TERM 10
Pathologic hyperplasia
DEFINITION 10 Abnormal growth of cells secondary to increased hormonal stimulation
When does cellular injury
occur?
When cell is unable to maintain homeostasis. Could be reversible or irreversible. TERM 17
What are types of cellular
injury?
DEFINITION 17 HypoxicChemicalInfectiousmechanical/physicalnutritionalelectrica TERM 18
What is the most common cellular
injury?
DEFINITION 18 Hypoxic injury TERM 19
What is hypoxia?
DEFINITION 19 Lack of sufficient oxygen TERM 20
What causes hypoxic injury?
DEFINITION 20 Decreased amount of oxygen in air,loss of hemoglobin, decreased RBC productionRespiratory and cardiac diseasespoisoning of cellular oxidative enzymesischemia is the most common cause
Ischemia
decreased blood supply is a faster injury than hypoxia aloneoxygen supply is disrupted and metabolic wastes accumulate.Cells become deprived of nutrients needed for glycolysis TERM 22
Hydropic swelling
DEFINITION 22 (Cellular swelling) Shift of extra-cellular fluid into cells especially when hypoxic.Loss of ATP leads to Na+/K+ pump fails, Na+ moves inside cell, K+ moves outNa+ increases osmotic pressure and water moves into the cellLarge vacuoles form and isolate the water which results in the cellular swelling TERM 23
What is cellular swelling associated
with?
DEFINITION 23 An early sign of cell injuryfeverdecreased K+ serumcertain infections TERM 24
What are cellular
accumulations?
DEFINITION 24 Abnormal accumulations of normal substances because they are produced too fast or in excessnot effectively metabolized secondary to genetically missing enzyme. TERM 25
What must the body have for cellular
repair?
DEFINITION 25 glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
What is infectious cellular
injury?
microorganisms that are able to survive and thrive and cause harm in the body TERM 32
What are bacterial exotoxins?
DEFINITION 32 Chemicals within the bacteria that are released and metabolic products TERM 33
C. tetani neurotoxin mechanism
DEFINITION 33 blocks motor inhibition> prolonged contraction via CNS > spasm or depression of respiratory muscles > asphyxia and death via respiratory center TERM 34
What are bacterial endotoxins?
DEFINITION 34 Chemicals within the cell wall of gram negative bacteria that are released during destruction of the bacteria or during bacterial growthCan lead to septic shock.Activate inflammatory response TERM 35
What is bacteremia or septicemia?
DEFINITION 35 Microorganisms in the blood when normal defenses fail, usually caused by gram negative bacteriaendotoxin> release of vasoactive peptides> vasodilation> decreased blood pressure> shock
What are example of extreme temperature
physical injury?
Burns> microvascular coagulationFrostbite> severe vasoconstriction and increase in blood viscosity. This leads to ischemic injury. If cold continues, rebound vasodilation occurs and intense swelling and peripheral nerve damage results. TERM 37
What happens when a deep sea diver
resurfaces too quickly?
DEFINITION 37 The rapid decrease in water pressure leads to nitrogen gas in the blood forming bubbles which may obstruct circulation whichleads to ischemic injury. TERM 38
What are examples of mechanical
injury?
DEFINITION 38 Surgical wound, abrasions, traume TERM 39
What happens in electrical injury?
DEFINITION 39 disrupts neural and cardiac impulses, hyperthemic destruction of tissues. The current follows path of least resistance and travels through neurons and body fluids.
Coagulation in blood vessels, violent muscle contraction, thermal injury.Worse if skin is wet TERM 40
What does radiation injury cause?
DEFINITION 40 Genetic damageacute cell destruction
What is the max human lifespan and what is
it limited by?
90-110 years. Lifespan limited to aging rather than disease. TERM 47
What are the 2 theories of aging?
DEFINITION 47 Intrinsic genetic programsShortening of telomeres with each cell replication until critical point TERM 48
What are physiologic changes in aging?
DEFINITION 48 Decrease in functional reserve and reduced ability to adapt to environmental demands TERM 49
What is somatic death?
DEFINITION 49 Death of the entire organism. No immunologic or inflammatory response occurs in somatic death. You will see an absence of respirations and heartbeat. TERM 50
Algor mortis
DEFINITION 50 Algor mortis is the reduction in body temperature following death.
Livor mortis
Body fluids and blood collect in dependent areas TERM 52
Rigor mortis
DEFINITION 52 Seen 6 hours after somatic death and the muscles are stiffened throughout the body. It is secondary to accumulation of calcium and the depletion of ATP result in perpetual actin-myosin crossbridge formation in muscle cells TERM 53
What happens 24 to 48 hours after death?
DEFINITION 53 Rigor mortis gives way to limpness. Tissue deterioration or putrefaction. TERM 54
Postmortem autolysis
DEFINITION 54 Widespread release of lytic enzymes in tissues throughout the body. TERM 55
What is the general definition of brain death?
DEFINITION 55 Absence of brainstem reflexesAbsence of respiratory effort when removed fromventilatorAbsence of electrical brain wavesLack of cerebral blood flow
Innate immune defense and associated cells
Require no previous exposureable to mount an effective response against an antigenrecognize a wide variety of different antigens.Natural killer cells, neutrophils, and macrophages TERM 62
Specific immunity and associated cells
DEFINITION 62 respond more effectively on second exposure to an antigen (adaptive)Highly restricted in the ability to recognize antigensB lymphocytes and T lymphocytes TERM 63
What are the cell components of
inflammation?
DEFINITION 63 Mast cellsNeutrophilsMacrophages and monocytesEosinophilsBasophilsplateletsMost important TERM 64
What are mast cells?
DEFINITION 64 Central cell in inflammation. They are found in large numbers in the skin and lining of the GI tract and the respiratory tract. They release biochemical mediators in their granules. Their mediators include histamine, chemotactic factors, and cytokines. TERM 65
What are mast cell activators?
DEFINITION 65 physical injury, chemical agents, immunologic means, certain bacteria and viruses
Neutrophils
Infantry/pawnsfirst phagocytes to arrive at the inflamed site.arrive within 6-12 hours after injury.They ingest bacteria and debrisThey secrete oxidizing chemicals and cytokines.They are the predominate phagocytes TERM 67
What are macrophages/monocytes?
DEFINITION 67 Second major phagocytearrive after 24 hours.Attracted to the site by chemotactic facto that must be first excreted by the neutrophils.They are strongly phagocyticMonocytes are the largest normal blood cells and they secrete cytokines and growth factors.Circulating monocytes become macrophages when they enter tissues. TERM 68
Eosinophils
DEFINITION 68 Increase inflammation by releasing inflammatory chemicalsIncreased number during allergic reactionsthey act directly on parasitesHave a role in regulating mast cell derived inflammatory mediators. Attracted by chemotactic factor released by mast cells.Degrade vasoactive molecules controlling the vascular effects of inflammation TERM 69
Basophils
DEFINITION 69 Function like mast cellsMediators of immediate hypersensitive responsesCirculate in vascular system, when entering the tissue, called mast cells.Can not reenter the blood TERM 70
platelets
DEFINITION 70 participate in clottingprevent bleeding from injured vesselscan enhance inflammatory responserelease several inflammatory mediators.
Chronic inflammation
More diffuse, extends over a longer period of time. May result in the formation of scar tissue and granuloma TERM 77
Vascular response
DEFINITION 77 First: VasoconstrictionStops the bleeding and decreases bacteria entry.Second: Vasodilation TERM 78
Active hyperemia
DEFINITION 78 vasodilation and increased capillary permeability which means more blood is coming to the injured area. Contributes to the signs and symptoms of inflammation. TERM 79
What vasoactive chemicals do mast cells
release?
DEFINITION 79 Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes TERM 80
Signs of local inflammatory
response
DEFINITION 80 Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of functionHeat from increased blood flow and increased cell metabolismRedness from vasodilationSwelling from increased capillary permeability thus increased fluidPain due to activation of pain receptors and pressure on the receptorsLoss of function due to pain and swelling
3 events of the inflammatory
process
increased vascular permeabilityrecruitment and emigration of leukocytesphagocytosis of antigens and debrisNonspecific response TERM 82
Margination
DEFINITION 82 Neutrophils move to sides of vessels and roll along endothelium TERM 83
Diapedesis
DEFINITION 83 Margination then passing through the blood vessel wall and migrate to inflamed tissue TERM 84
Mediators of neutrophilic
chemotaxis
DEFINITION 84 bacterial toxins, pieces of inflamed tissue, complement fragments TERM 85
Major functions of macrophages
DEFINITION 85 Phagocytosis and debridement of site- removing spent neutrophils, cellular debris and bacteria.Stimulates fibroblasts which lead to collagen
Hemorrhagic exudate
contains RBCs due to rupture of capillaries with severe inflammation TERM 92
Purulent exudate
DEFINITION 92 PusCommon with bacterial infectionscomposed of neutrophils, protein, and tissue debrislarge pockets of pus, or abscesses, must be removed or drained in order to heal TERM 93
Systemic acute inflammation
DEFINITION 93 Can start and localized inflammationSignsFever, ethargymuscle catabolismincreased acute phase proteinsleukocytosis occurs TERM 94
Granuloma
DEFINITION 94 accumulation of macrophages, fibroblasts, and collagenbody attempts to build a wall around the infection TERM 95
What is a "shift to the left"
DEFINITION 95 An increased % of bands (immature neutrophils) in the WBCC
How do most tissues heal?
Fibrous connective tissue healingat least some collagen deposition with scarringreplacement of original tissuenot exact same structure as original TERM 97
What is scarring?
DEFINITION 97 Damaged tissue that healed without replacement TERM 98
What conditions are best for wound
healing?
DEFINITION 98 Moist (NOT WET), protected environments so epithelial cells can migrate on top of the wound.Moist healing ins fast and more econonomical TERM 99
How much of original tensile strength remains
after tissue repair?
DEFINITION 99 At best, 70-80%20% in 3 weeks, so regaining strength is a slow process TERM 100
Primary
intention
DEFINITION 100 skin repairs itself after injury and heals with edges well approximatedthere is minimum granulation tissue
