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Human genome project
Formally launched in 1990 Aimed to decode our GENOME-all
of theDNA found within all of our chromosomes Coordinated
by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)and the Department
of Energy (DOE) Carried out by scientists from around the
world
TERM 2
The study of the human genome provides
What fundamental molecular details about
ourselves
DEFINITION 2
How many genes we have How cells develop into complex
tissue How defective genes cause disease
TERM 3
Each cell contains:
DEFINITION 3
-46 human chromosomes, found in 23 pairs 2 meters of DNA
Approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs per set of
chromosomescontaining the bases A, T, G, and C
Approximately 20,000 to 25,000 genes coding forproteins
that perform most life functions
TERM 4
The knowledge gained from the __ __ __ will
lead to improvements in the diagnosis,
treatment and prevention of disease
DEFINITION 4
Human Genome project
TERM 5
New technologies have made it possible to
produce ___ that would otherwise be very
difficult to make. An example is human ___
___.
DEFINITION 5
Medicinesrecombinant insulin
While trying to understand genes and their
function, scientists have developed many ___
___ ___.
controversial genetic technologies
TERM 7
DNA fingerprinting
DEFINITION 7
Not well-received at first Now a common tool of forensic
science
TERM 8
Mammalian cloning
DEFINITION 8
In 1997, Ian Wilmut and colleagues clonedthe first mammal,
a sheep named Dolly Cows, mice, goats, pigs and cats have
now beencloned
TERM 9
Fears that the technology may be applied to
humans led to___ ___ ___ ___ ___.
DEFINITION 9
legislative bans on human cloning
TERM 10
Define Genetics
DEFINITION 10
the study of heredity and variationIt is the interdisciplinary
discipline in biology
Cells contain what four main types of large
molecules
Nucleic acids Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids
TERM 17
Nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates are
termed ___
DEFINITION 17
macromoleculesThey are polymers constructed from smaller
molecules calledmonomers
TERM 18
Cellular structures form as a result of the ___
of molecules and macromolecules
DEFINITION 18
interaction
TERM 19
The characteristics of a cell largely depend on
the __ _ __
DEFINITION 19
proteins it produces
TERM 20
All of the proteins that a cell makes at a given
time is called its___
DEFINITION 20
proteome
Proteins are the ___ of cells
workhorses
TERM 22
Proteins have diverse __ ___
DEFINITION 22
biological functions
TERM 23
Name three types of proteins
DEFINITION 23
Structural proteinsContractile proteinsHormonal proteins
TERM 24
Define Tubulin
DEFINITION 24
A structural proteinAggregates to form microtubules Plays
role in cell shape and movement
TERM 25
What is Myosin
DEFINITION 25
Contractile proteins Myosin Plays a role in muscle
contraction
What are Anabolic
Enzymes?
Involved in the synthesis of large molecules fromsmaller ones
Provide components for the construction of the cell
TERM 32
The genetic material in all living organisms is
____ ______, or ___.
DEFINITION 32
deoxyribonucleic acid or (DNA)
TERM 33
Some viruses use ___as their genetic
material.
DEFINITION 33
RNA
TERM 34
DNA encodes the information required to
synthesize all cellular proteins It is able to do
so because of its ___ ___
DEFINITION 34
molecular structure
TERM 35
DNA is a polymer of ___.
DEFINITION 35
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides
Each nucleotide contains one ___ ____
nitrogenous base
TERM 37
name the 4 DNA nitrogenous bases.
DEFINITION 37
Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)
TERM 38
The __ ___ is stored in the __ __ of these bases
along the DNA molecule
DEFINITION 38
genetic informationlinear sequence
TERM 39
The __ __ directs the order of amino acids-
DEFINITION 39
Genetic Code
TERM 40
The DNA in living cells is contained within
large structures termed ___
DEFINITION 40
chromosomes
A ___is any characteristic that an organism
displays
trait
TERM 47
What are Morphological traits
DEFINITION 47
Affect the appearance of the organism Example: The color of
a flower
TERM 48
What are Physiological traits
DEFINITION 48
Affect the function of the organism Example: Ability to
metabolize a sugar
TERM 49
What are Behavioral traits
DEFINITION 49
Affect the ways an organism responds to theenvironment
Example: Mating calls of bird species
TERM 50
Traits are controlled, at least in part, by ___
DEFINITION 50
genes
The relationship between genes and traits
spans what four levels of biological
organization
molecular levelcellular levelorganism levelpopulation level
TERM 52
Genes are expressed at the ___ ___.
DEFINITION 52
molecular level
TERM 53
Proteins function at the __ __.
DEFINITION 53
cellular level
TERM 54
Traits are observed at the ___ ___
DEFINITION 54
organism level
TERM 55
Genes/traits within a particular species can
also be studied at the ___ ___.
DEFINITION 55
population level
What are Changes in chromosome structure
Large segments of a chromosome may be lost,duplicated or
reattached to another chromosome
TERM 62
What are Changes in chromosome
number
DEFINITION 62
Single chromosomes may be lost or gained A whole extra set
of chromosomes may beinherited
TERM 63
Traits are a result of the interaction between
genes and the ___
DEFINITION 63
environmentFor example, an individuals diet has an effecton
his/her height and weight and evenintelligenceIn some cases,
the environment dictateswhether a disease is manifested in
anindividual or not
TERM 64
Newborns are now routinely screened for ___
Occurs in 1 in 8000 births among Caucasians
DEFINITION 64
Phenylketonuria (PKU)Individuals with the disease are put on
a strictdietary regimen, phenylalanine-free diet These
individuals tend to develop normally
TERM 65
__ __ in the mid-19th century, provided the
foundation for the science of genetics
DEFINITION 65
Gregor Mendel,
The principles of inheritance Mendel proposed
can be explained by ___ and their behavior
during __ ___.
chromosomescell division
TERM 67
Sexually-reproducing species are commonly
___.
DEFINITION 67
diploid
TERM 68
The two copies of a chromosome are termed
___ They contain the same genes Not
necessarily the same ___
DEFINITION 68
homologsalleles
TERM 69
Sperm and egg cells are ___.
DEFINITION 69
haploid
TERM 70
The union of sperm and egg during ___
restores the diploid number
DEFINITION 70
fertilization
In natural selection the beneficial ___ are
passed on to subsequent generations
alleles
TERM 77
Genetics is traditionally divided into what
three fields?
DEFINITION 77
Transmission Genetics Molecular Genetics Population
Genetics
TERM 78
___ ___ Explores the Inheritance Patterns of
Traits as They Are Passed from Parents to
offspring
DEFINITION 78
Transmission Genetics
TERM 79
___ ___ is the oldest field of genetics
DEFINITION 79
Transmission genetics
TERM 80
General definition of Transmission genetics
DEFINITION 80
Transmission Genetics Explores theInheritance Patterns of Traits
as TheyAre Passed from Parents to offspring Transmission genetics
is the oldest field ofgenetics. It examines how traits are passed
from onegeneration to the next. The conceptual framework was
providedby Gregor Mendel in the 1860s Genetic determinants pass
from parent tooffspring as discrete units. These are now termed
genes
The basic experimental approach for
Transmission genetics is the ___ ___.
genetic cross
TERM 82
What is a genetic
cross?
DEFINITION 82
Two selected individuals are mated The traits in question are
analyzed over several generations Analysis is often
quantitative in nature
TERM 83
__ __ Focuses on a Biochemical Understanding
of the Hereditary Material
DEFINITION 83
Molecular Genetics
TERM 84
__ __ is the most modern field of genetics
DEFINITION 84
Molecular genetics
TERM 85
What does molecular genetics deal with?
DEFINITION 85
It deals with how the molecular features ofDNA underlie gene
expression Gene organization and function Detailed analysis
of DNA, RNA and proteins
Created Dolly, the first mammalian clone
from an adult animal.
Wilmut, Ian
