Understanding Terrorism: Definitions, Types, Motivations, and Countermeasures, Slides of Psychology

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Terrorism

Terrorism Is Theatre

As stated by Brian Jenkins - terrorism expert -

terrorist acts are often deliberately

spectacular, designed to rattle and influence a

wide audience, beyond the victims of the

violence itself.

• • New York City- Jan 24,
• • Beirut, Lebanon- Apr 18,
• • Beirut, Lebanon- Oct 23,
• • Beirut, Lebanon- June 14,
• • Ireland- June 23,
• • Locerbie, Scotland- Dec 21, The Terrorism Picture II
• • New York City- Feb 26,
• • Manila, Philippines- Jan
• • Oklahoma City- Apr 19,
• • Tokyo, Japan- March

The Terrorism Picture III

• Dharan, Saudi Arabia- June 25, 1996
• Nairobi, Kenya, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania- Aug 7, 1998
• Canada- Dec 1999
• Aden, Yemen- Oct 12, 2000
• New York City and Arlington, VA- Sept 11, 2001

FBI Definition

... the unlawful use of force and violence

against persons or property to intimidate or

coerce a government, the civilian

population, or any segment thereof, in

furtherance of political or social objectives.

Department of Defense Definition

... the calculated use of violence or threat

of violence to inculcate fear; intended to

coerce or to intimidate governments or

societies in the pursuit of goals that are

generally political, religious, or ideological.

Terrorism is

• A specific type of violence.
• Perpetrated.
• Calculated.
• Motivated by political, religious, or ideological

objectives.

• Intended to produce fear.
• Carried out by subnational groups.

United Nations’ Definition

... all war crimes will be considered acts of

terrorism, in which case most every

government in the world has committed

terrorism, though few have ever faced

justice or were even disgraced for doing so.

Types of Terrorism

• Nationalist
• Religious
• State-sponsored
• Left-wing
• Right-wing
• Anarchist
  • Terrorism can be either domestic or international.

Nationalist Terrorism

• Seek to form a separate state for their own national group, often by drawing attention to a fight for “national liberation” that they think the world has ignored. - Example groups include Irish Republican Army, Palestine Liberation Organization, Basque Fatherland and Liberty, and Kurdistan Workers’ Party

State-Sponsored Terrorism

• Deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy tools.
• State Department says Iran is the primary state sponsor of terrorism today. - Examples include Hezbollah backed by Iran, Abu Nibal Organization backed by Iraq, Japanese Red Army that often work on contracts for Libya

Left-Wing Terrorism

• Out to destroy capitalism and replace it with a communist or socialist regime. - Examples include Baader-Meinhof Group (Germany), Japanese Red Army (Lebanon), The Weathermen (America 1970s), and Red Brigades (Italy)

Anarchist Terrorism

• Revolutionaries seek to overthrow established governments launched a wave of bombing and assassinated a series of heads of state.
• Leon Czolgosz, anarchist who assassinated President William McKinley in 1901.

Domestic Terrorism

• Involves groups or individuals who are based and operate entirely within the United States or its territories without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. Government or population. - Examples include Timothy McVeigh (right-wing), The World Church of the Creator (right-wing), Aryan Nations (right- wing), Popular Puerto Rican Army (left-wing), and Los Macheteros (left- wing).