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Understanding Terrorism: Definition, Elements, Motivations, and Response, Slides of Psychology

An overview of terrorism, including its definition, three elements, motivations, and the response of the united states. It covers the use of force or violence against persons or property for intimidation or coercion, the role of asymmetric warfare, and the fbi's classification of terrorist acts. The document also discusses the motivations behind terrorist acts and the evolution of terrorist ideology.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/01/2013

sarman
sarman 🇮🇳

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Challenges to the Profession
Terrorism and Homeland Security
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Challenges to the Profession

Terrorism and Homeland Security

Terrorism Defined

  • No single definition of terrorism is universally accepted.
  • The Terrorism Research Center defines terrorism as
    • “The use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion or ransom”
  • Most definitions of terrorism include the systematic use of physical violence, either actual or threatened, against noncombatants to create a climate of fear and cause some religious, political or social change.

Asymmetric Warfare

  • A weaker group strikes at a superior group by attacking where the stronger adversary least expects to be hit.
  • Causes great psychological shock
  • Gives power to the powerless
  • Destroys the stronger adversary’s ability to use its conventional weapons

Classification of Terrorist Acts

  • The FBI categorizes terrorism in the United States as either international or domestic terrorism.
  • International Terrorists
    • Foreign state sponsors
    • Formalized terrorist groups
    • Loosely affiliated international extremists
    • Homegrown terrorists
  • Domestic Terrorists
    • White supremacists and Black supremacists
    • Militia groups
    • Right-wing and left-wing extremists
    • Pro-life extremists
    • Animal rights and environmental extremists

The Evolution of Terrorist Ideology

  • This ideological transformation (radicalization) can occur through - Direct contact with terrorists within the U.S. or abroad - Contact with other radicals via the Internet - Undergoing a process of self-radicalization
  • Law enforcement has to understand the process that leads a person from being sympathetic to extremist rhetoric to one who is willing to engage in suicide bombing.

Methods Used by Terrorists

  • Arson
  • Explosives
  • Bombs
  • Weapons of mass destruction
    • Biological
    • Chemical
    • Nuclear
  • Technology
  • Kidnapping
  • Hostage-taking
  • Murder

The Department of Homeland Security

  1. Increase overall preparedness, particularly for catastrophic events.
  2. Create better transportation security systems to move people and cargo more securely and efficiently.
  3. Strengthen border security and interior enforcement and reform immigration processes.
  4. Enhance information sharing with our partners.
  5. Improve DHS financial management, human resource development, procurement and information technology.
  6. Realign the DHS organization to maximize mission performance.

The USA PATRIOT Act

  • Allowing investigators to use the tools already available to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking.
  • Facilitating information sharing and cooperation among government agencies so they can better “connect the dots.”
  • Updating the law to reflect new technologies and new threats.
  • Increasing the penalties for those who commit or support terrorist crimes.

The National Incident Management

System (NIMS)

  • A comprehensive, nationwide, systematic approach to incident management
  • A set of preparedness concepts and principles for all hazards
  • Essential principles for a common operating picture and interoperability of communications and information management.
  • Standardized resource management procedures that enable coordination among different jurisdictions or organizations.
  • Scalable
  • A dynamic system that promotes ongoing management and maintenance.

Keys to Combating Terrorism

  • Intelligence that the local police can provide to federal authorities.
  • How readily that information is shared between agencies at different levels
  • The interoperability of communications systems should an attack occur

Local Law’s Critical Role

  • Knowing the enemy and being vigilant— prevention
  • Preparation—the agency and the community
  • Practicing the response
  • Assessing risk and identifying potential terrorist targets
  • Being proactive and forming partnerships

How Terrorists Fund Attacks

  • Charitable groups and wealthy Arabs sympathetic to the group’s cause
  • Collaborations with organized criminal groups to deal drugs, arms and in some cases, humans
  • Smuggling stolen goods and contraband
  • Forging documents
  • Profits from the diamond trade
  • Extortion and protection rackets

Concerns Related to the War on

Terrorism

  • Civil liberties may be jeopardized.
  • People of Middle Eastern descent may be discriminated against or become victims of hate crimes.

Preventing Racial Profiling

  • Increase communication.
  • Develop person-to-person contacts.
  • Create a community liaison position to work with the Arab American community.
  • Recruit more Arab Americans into law enforcement.