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TEAS EXAM STUDY GUIDE practice
questions and answers.
Qs Dorsal refers to a - n Ans✔ structure closer to the back of an object Qs Ventral - n Ans✔ structure closer to the front of an object Qs A useful mnemonic for this may be the - n Ans✔ dorsal and ventral fins commonly described on fish, or the fact the spine is found dorsally in humans whereas the stomach is more ventral. Qs Features nearer to the middle of a structure are referred to as - n Ans✔ being medial Qs Those features further from the - n
Ans✔ center or closer to the outer boundaries are referred to as being lateral. Qs Proximal - n Ans✔ describes a structure that is closer Qs Distal - n Ans✔ structure that is further away Qs The index finger is more - n Ans✔ proximal to the hand than is the elbow, which is more distal to the hand in comparison to the location of the index finger. Qs Mammalian cells require - n Ans✔ oxygen for glucose metabolism and release carbon dioxide as a byproduct. This process requires constant gas exchange between the human body and the environment to replenish the oxygen supply and remove carbon dioxide. This exchange is accomplished through the efforts of the respiratory system, in which powerful muscles force oxygen-rich air into the lungs and carbon dioxide- rich air out of the body.
Air enter the body through the - n Ans✔ mouth or nasal cavity and passes through the trachea (sometimes called the windpipe) and into the 2 bronchi, each of which leads to one lung. Qs Within the lung, the - n Ans✔ bronchi branch into smaller passageways called bronchioles and then terminate in sac-like structures called alveoli, which is where gas exchange between the air and the capillaries occurs. Qs The large surface are of the - n Ans✔ alveoli allows for efficient exchange of gases through diffusion (movement of particles from areas of high to low concentration). Qs Alveoli are - n Ans✔ covered in a layer of surfactant, which lubricates the sacs and prevents the lungs from collapsing. Qs The hear pumps deoxygenated blood into the lungs via the - n Ans✔ pulmonary artery. This blood is oxygenated in the alveoli and then delivered back into the heart by the pulmonary veins for distribution to the body.
Qs The diaphragm contributes to the - n Ans✔ activity of ventilation the process of inhalation and exhalation. Qs The contraction of the diaphragm creates a - n Ans✔ vacuum, forcing air into the lungs. Qs Relaxation of the diaphragm compresses the lungs, - n Ans✔ forcing carbon dioxide enriched gas out in exhalation. Qs The amount of air breathed in and out is the - n Ans✔ tidal volume. Qs The residual capacity is the - n Ans✔ small volume of air left in the lungs after exhalation. Qs
Qs Viral infection of the - n Ans✔ respiratory system include influenza and the common cold; bacterial infections include tuberculosis and pertussis (whooping cough). Qs Pneumonia, which affects alveoli, is a - n Ans✔ bacterial or viral infection that is often seen in people whose respiratory system has been weakened by other conditions. Qs This cardiovascular system circulates - n Ans✔ blood throughout the body. Qs Blood carries a wide range of - n Ans✔ molecules necessary for the body to function, including nutrients, wastes, hormones, and gases. Blood is broken into a number of different parts Qs Red blood cells called - n Ans✔
hemoglobin transport oxygen, and white blood cells circulate as part of the immune system. Qs Both red and white blood cells are - n Ans✔ suspended in a fluid called plasma, in which are dissolved the other molecules transported by the blood. Qs Blood is circulated by a muscular organ called the - n Ans✔ heart Qs The circulatory system includes - n Ans✔ 2 closed loops Qs In the pulmonary loop, - n Ans✔ deoxygenated blood leaves the heart and travels to the lungs, where it loses carbon dioxide and becomes rich in oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart, which pumps it through the systemic loop. Qs The systemic loop delivers - n
Oxygenated blood leaves the heart in large vessels called - n Ans✔ arteries, which branch into smaller and smaller vessels. The smallest vessels, capillaries, are where the exchange of molecules between blood and cells take place. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart in veins. Qs Lymph nodes can become - n Ans✔ inflamed during infections when they contain a higher than normal number of lymphocytes. Qs The lymphatic system is an - n Ans✔ open circulatory system that functions alongside the cardiovascular system. It facilitates the movement of substances between cells and the blood by removing interstitial fluid (the fluid between cells). It also plays an important role in the immune system circulating white blood cells. Qs The system is composed of - n Ans✔ lymphatic vessels that carry lymph, a clear fluid containing lymphocytes and waste products. Qs Lymph passes through - n Ans✔
lymph nodes, which are collections of tissue rich in white blood cells. It is then returned to the circulatory system through the veins near the heart. Qs The cardiovascular system is - n Ans✔ subject to a number of pathologies. Qs In a heart attack, - n Ans✔ blood flow to part of the heart is stopped, causing damage to the heart muscle. Qs An irregular heartbeat, called an - n Ans✔ arrhythmia, is caused by disruptions with the electrical signals in the heart. Many arrhythmia's can be treated-with a pacemaker, for example- or do not cause any symptoms. Qs Problems with blood vessels include atherosclerosis, - n Ans✔ in which white blood cells and plaque build up in arteries, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. Qs In a stroke, blood flow is - n
Qs Neurons and nerve cells do not - n Ans✔ touch; instead communication occurs across a specialized gap called a synapse. Qs The chemicals that facilitate communication across synapses are known as - n Ans✔ neurotransmitters, and include serotonin and dopamine. Communication occurs when electrical signals cause the axon terminal to release neurotransmitters. Qs Nerve cells are accompanied by - n Ans✔ glia, or supporting cells, that surround the cell and provide support, protection, and nutrients. Qs In the peripheral nervous system, the primary glial cell is a - n Ans✔ schwann cell. Qs Schwann cells secrete a - n Ans✔ fatty substance called myelin that wraps around the neuron and allows much faster transmission of the electrical signal the neuron is sending
Qs Gaps in the myelin sheath are called - n Ans✔ nodes of ranvier Qs Nerve cell signaling is - n Ans✔ controlled by moving ions across the cell membrane to maintain an electric potential. Depolarizing the cell, or lowering the electric potential, triggers the release of neurotransmitters. Qs The central nervous system, - n Ans✔ which includes the brain and spinal cord, is responsible for arguably the body's most complex and abstract functions, including cognition, emotion, and behavioral regulation. Qs Alzheimer's disease - n Ans✔ ,which causes dementia, is the result of damaged neurons in the cerebral cortex, the area of the brain responsible for higher order functions like information processing and language. Qs In general, the brain is organized into - n Ans✔
nerve cells outside the brain and spinal cord, has one main function and is to communicate between the CNS and the rest of the body. Qs The peripheral nervous system is further divided - n Ans✔ into 2 systems Qs The automatic nervous system (ANS) is the - n Ans✔ part of the peripheral nervous system that controls involuntary bodily functions such as digestion, respiration, and heart rate. These aspects of the automatic systems are controlled by the hypothalamus. Qs The adrenal glands control the - n Ans✔ "fight or flight" bodily response that is also part of the automatic nervous system. Qs The second part of the peripheral nervous system, called the - n Ans✔ somatic nervous system, controls sensory information and motor control. Qs The "fight or flight" reaction includes - n Ans✔
accelerated breathing and heart rate, dilation, of blood vessels in muscles, release of energy molecules for use by muscles, relaxation of the bladder, and slowing or stopping movement in the upper digestive tract. Qs Afferent (sensory) cells relay messages to the - n Ans✔ central nervous system Qs Efferent (motor) cells carry messages to the - n Ans✔ muscles. Qs In the motor nervous system, signals from the brain travel - n Ans✔ down the spinal cord before exiting and communicating with motor nerve cells, which synapse on muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions. Because individuals can control the movement of skeletal muscle, this part of the nervous system is considered voluntary. Qs Some reflexes, or automatic response to stimuli are - n Ans✔ able to occur rapidly by bypassing the brain altogether. Qs In a reflex arc, a signal is sent from the - n
salivary amylase begin breaking down food, particularly starch, as mastication helps prepare food for swallowing and subsequent digestion. Food from this point is formed into a bolus that travels down the esophagus, aided by a process called peristalsis, rhythmic contractions that move the partially-digested food towards the stomach. Qs Upon reaching the stomach, food encounters a power acid - n Ans✔ (hydrochloric acid, produced by the stomach itself), which aids the breakdown of food into its absorbable components. Qs The burning sensation called heartburn occurs - n Ans✔ when gastric acid from the stomach travels up the esophagus, often as a result of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. This acid can damage the lining of the esophagus. Qs The human body deserves fuel primarily from 3 sources: - n Ans✔ proteins, sugars, and fats (lipids). Qs Enzymes break proteins down into their - n Ans✔ constituent amino acids to produce new proteins for the body. Qs
Carbohydrates are broken down - n Ans✔ enzymatically if necessary and used for metabolism. Qs Fats are broken down into constituent - n Ans✔ fatty acids and glycerol for a number of uses, including dense nutritional energy storage. Qs Digestion of fat requires - n Ans✔ bile acids produced by the liver; bile is stored in the gall bladder. Qs The stomach produces a - n Ans✔ semifluid mass of partially digested food called chyme that then passes into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. This occurs through mucosal cells in the lining of the intestine. Qs The small intestine itself has 3 major - n Ans✔ segments. Qs
