TCP/IP Protocol Suite: Understanding IP, ICMP, ARP, and Other Protocols - Prof. Mike Tarn, Study notes of Introduction to Business Management

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Chapter 6b: TCP/IP & IP Addressing

CIS 3260: Dr. Mike Tarn Chapter 6 Network Communications and Protocols

Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

• (^) Most commonly used protocol suite for networking
• (^) Excellent scalability and superior functionality
• (^) Able to connect different types of computers and networks
• (^) Default protocol for Novell NetWare, Windows, all Unix/Linux varieties, and Mac OS

TCP/IPTCP/IP

• (^) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol (TCP/IP)

• (^) TCP: performs extensive error checking to ensure that data is delivered successfully
• (^) IP: consists of rules for packaging data and for ensuring it reaches the correct destination address

TCP/IP Compared to OSI Model

TCP/IP Protocols

• (^) Includes highly compartmentalized and specialized protocols, including: - (^) Internet Protocol (IP) – Connectionless Network layer protocol that provides source and destination routing; fast, but unreliable - (^) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) – Network layer protocol that sends error and control messages between systems or devices - (^) The Ping utility uses ICMP to request a response from a remote host to verify availability
• (^) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) – Network layer protocol that associates logical (IP) address to physical (MAC) address

IP, ICMP, and ARP in Action

More TCP/IP Protocols

• (^) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – primary Internet transport protocol; connection-oriented; provides reliable delivery; fragments and reassembles messages
• (^) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - connectionless Transport layer protocol; fast, unreliable
• (^) Domain Name System (DNS) – Session layer name-to-address resolution protocol
• (^) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – performs file transfer, works at Session, Presentation, and Application layers

More TCP/IP Protocols

• (^) Telnet – remote terminal emulation protocol; operates at three upper layers; provides connectivity through dissimilar systems
• (^) Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) – operates at three upper layers to provide messaging; allows e- mail to travel on Internet
• (^) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) – Network layer distance-vector protocol used for routing; not suitable for large networks
• (^) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) – link-state routing protocol; uses variety of factors to determine best path

IP Addressing

• (^) IP addresses are rapidly becoming scarce
• (^) TCP/IP’s technical governing body has

reserved a series of addresses for private

networks

• (^) IETF is working on a new implementation

of TCP/IP (IPv6) that uses addresses that

are 16 bytes long but retain backward

compatibility with IPv4 4-byte addresses

IP Address Classes

• (^) Three classes of IP addresses for normal networking: - (^) Class A – addresses between 1-126; first octet identifies network and last three identify host; over 16 million hosts per network - (^) Class B – addresses between 128-191; first two octets identify network and last two identify host; over 65,000 hosts per network - (^) Class C – addresses between 192-223; first three octets identify network and last one identifies host; limited to 254 hosts per network

IP Addressing Class 1 st^ Octet 2 nd^ Octet 3 rd^ Octet 4 th^ Octet Class Start Class End Class A 1-126 0-255 0-255 0-255 1.0.0.0 126.255.255. Class B 128-191 0-255 0-255 0-255 128.0.0.0 191.255.255. Class C 192-223 0-255 0-255 0-255 192.0.0.0 223.255.255. Class A = 256X256X256-2 = 16,777,214 per network address Class B = 256X256-2 = 65,534 per network address Class C = 256-2 = 254 per network address

Subnet Masks

• (^) Part of IP address identifies network and

part identifies host

• (^) IP uses subnet mask to determine what part

of address identifies network and what part

identifies host

• (^) Network section identified by binary 1
• (^) Host section identified by binary 0

Subnet Masks

• (^) Each class of addresses has default subnet

mask

• (^) Class A default subnet mask is 255.0.0.
• (^) Class B default subnet mask is 255.255.0.
• (^) Class C default subnet mask is 255.255.255.
• (^) All devices on single physical network or

network segment must share same network

address and use same subnet mask

To Install the TCP/IP Protocol on a

Windows-based Computer

• (^) Entering the IP address and subnet mask