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TCDHA HISTOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW TEST 2025- 2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY, Exams of Dentistry

TCDHA HISTOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW TEST 2025- 2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

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2024/2025

Available from 05/05/2025

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TCDHA HISTOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW TEST 2025-
2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY
1 / 68
1.
histology
study
of
microscopic
structure
and
function
of
cells
and
tissues
2.
cell
-
smallest
unit
in
the
body
-
interact w extracellular environment thru active processes (active transport - uses
energy)
3.
pinocytosis
cell
DRINKING
4.
phagocytosis
cell
EATING
5.
cell membrane
-
"gate
keeper"
SURROUNDS
the
cell
-
composed
of
phospholipid
bilayer
and
proteins
-
semipermeable
(selective
what
goes
in
and
out)
6.
phospholipids (in
membrane)
7.
proteins (in
membrane)
act
as
dittusion
(passing
of
materials
thru
membrane)
regulators
-
structural reinforcements and receptors for certain hormones, neurotransmitters
and immunoglobin (antibodies)
8.
cytoplasm
aka
cytosol
-
clear
liquid,
includes
organelles,
inclusions
and
spaces/cavities
called
VACUOLES
9.
organelles
-
metabolically
active
specialized
structures
-
major:
nucleus,
mitochondria,
ribosomes,
endoplasmic
reticulum,
golgi
appar-
tus
-
lysosomes
-
cytoskeleton
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pfd
pfe
pff
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pf13
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Download TCDHA HISTOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW TEST 2025- 2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY and more Exams Dentistry in PDF only on Docsity!

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. histology study of microscopic structure and function of cells and tissues
  2. cell - smallest unit in the body
    • interact w extracellular environment thru active processes (active transport - uses energy)
  3. pinocytosis cell DRINKING
  4. phagocytosis cell EATING
  5. cell membrane - "gate keeper" SURROUNDS the cell
    • composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins
    • semipermeable (selective what goes in and out)
  6. phospholipids (in membrane)
  7. proteins (in membrane)

act as dittusion (passing of materials thru membrane) regulators

  • structural reinforcements and receptors for certain hormones, neurotransmitters and immunoglobin (antibodies)
  1. cytoplasm aka cytosol
  • clear liquid, includes organelles, inclusions and spaces/cavities called VACUOLES
  1. organelles - metabolically active specialized structures
  • major: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi appar- tus
  • lysosomes
  • cytoskeleton

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. nucleus - LARGEST, densest
    • production of GENETIC material (DNA and RNA), site of synthesis for ribosomes
    • usually single but can be binucleated or multinucleated
  2. binucleated cells cardiac muscle cells, parenchyma liver cells
  3. multinucleated cells
  4. components of a nucleus
    • osteoclasts, skeletal muscle cells
    • nucleolus,
    • chromatin,
    • nucleoplasm,
    • nuclear envelope
  5. nucleolus produces RNA and nucleotides of 2 other types of RNA
  6. chromatin (form of DNA)

contains chromosomes

  1. nuclear envelope double layered membrane

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. ribosomes particles composed of protein and RNA which synthesize protein "PROTEIN FAC- TORIES"
  2. golgi apparatus - "CHEMICAL PROCESSING & PACKAGING centre"
    • second largest organelle
    • a stack of 3-20 flattened membranous sacs
    • function: sorts, condenses, packages and delivers proteins from the RER
    • attached to membrane and release via EXOCYTOSIS
  3. mitochondria "POWERHOUSE"
    • 2 membranes (inner is folded to increase SA forming CRISTAE)
    • most numerous
    • releases energy from food molecules and transform energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. lysosome - "SEWER SYSTEM" destroys worn cell parts
    • membranous sacks produced by GOLGI APPARATUS
    • contains hydrolysis (hyaluronidase) and digesting substances that enter cells
  2. cytoskeleton - microfilaments,
    • intermediate filaments,
    • microtubules
  3. microfilaments - delicate, threadlike, microscopic structures of specialized proteins arranged in bundles
    • cause VARIOUS KINDS OF CELLULAR MOVEMENTS (such as in muscle cells as myofibrils)
    • responsible for cell MOTILITY

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. tight junctions - closes intercellular space bw cells by FUSING cell membranes tg
    • prevents MOVEMENT or LOSS of fluid
    • location: small intestine
  2. desmosomes - BINDS CELLS tg by creating "SPOT WELDS" bw adjacent membranes
    • location: outer skin and oral mucosa
  3. hemidesmo- somes
    • attachment of CELL TO NON CELLular surface
    • smaller attachment plaque from the cells side (half of desmosome)
    • used in attachment of epithelium to connective tissue (ex. basement membrane in oral mucosa)
    • ALLOWS GINGIVAL TISSUE TO ADHERE TO TOOTH SURFACE BY EPITHELIAL ATTACHMENT
  4. gap junctions - form TUBULAR CHANNELS bw cells that allow substance to be exchanged
    • location: muscle cells of heart, digestive tube)

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. life cycle of a cell 1. interphase (dna replication)
    1. mitosis (cell division)
    2. cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
    3. ditterentiation
  2. interphase - cell GROWS and FORMS NEW organelles Consists of: G1, S, G2 phase
  3. G1 phase initial resting phase of cell growth
  4. S phase dna replication (chromatin and centrosome replication)

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. anaphase - centromeres split and each chromosome seperates into 2 chromatids
    • chromatids migrate to opposite poles by the mitotic spindle
    • spindle fibres shorten and pull individual chromosomes towards centrioles
  2. telophase - division into 2 daughter cells
    • chromosome elongate and form chromatin threads
    • nuclear membranes appear around each chromosome set
    • NUCLEOLI APPEAR, MICROTUBULES DISAPPEAR
  3. cytokinesis (cyto- plasmic division)
    • cell's divided into 2 identical daughter cells following mitosis

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. differentiation - process by which a less specialed cell becomes a more specialized cell type (ex. ovum+sperm = fetus)
  2. tissues structure formed by GROUPING OF CELLS w similar characteristics of form and function
  3. 4 basic types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

  1. epithelial tissue - PROTECTIVE COVERING (from physical, chemical, pathogenic attacks, dehydra- tion, heat loss)
    • SECRETION and SENSORY
    • EXTERNAL and INTERNAL body surfaces, including vessels and small cavities
    • can be derived from any of the 3 embryonic cell layers: ECTODERM, ENDODERM, MESODERM
    • avascular (no blood vessels)
  2. connective tissue - supports, protects, framework, fill spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, helps repair tissues
    • BINDS STRUCTURES tg
    • HIGHLY VASCULARIZED (provides its own source of nutrition)

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. endoderm respiratory, digestive tract
  2. mesoderm urinary tract
  3. epithelium - cells packed CLOSELY TG: surrounded by little or no intercellular substance or tissue fluid
    • HIGHLY regenerative (its deeper cells reproduce by mitosis)
    • AVASCULAR (no blood supply of its own)
    • cellular nutrition (o2 and metabolites) obtained by DIFFUSION from connective tissue
  4. epithelial cells - tightly joined tg by DESMOSOMES
    • joined to BASEMENT MEMBRANE by HEMIDESMOSOMES
  5. cell arrangement simple, stratified, pseudostratified

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. simple 1 layer, single of cells
  2. stratified 2 or more layers
  3. pseudostratified 1 layer but looks like 2
  4. cell shape squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
  5. squamous flat

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. cilia hair like projections (propel other substances along, ex. fallopian tubes and egg)
  2. epithelium divi- sion
  3. simple squa- mous epithelium

simple, stratified, pseudostratified

  • thin, FLAT cells, may vary
  • 1 layer, NUCLEUS BULGES out (like fried egg)
  • covers connective tissue w little intercellular matrix, attached by the basement membrane
  • FILTERING FUNCTION on moist surfaces
  • location: pulmonary alveoli (lungs), inner & middle ear, blood & lymphatic vessels, heart, serious cavities

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. endothelium simple squamous epithelium lining of vessels and serous cavities (surround organs)
  2. simple cuboidal epithelium
  3. simple columnar epithelium
  • CUBES, top view: hexagon
  • NUCLEUS in CENTRE of cell
  • protection/covering for an organ, contributes to SECRETION
  • location: line the ducts of various glands (ex. SALIVARY glands)
  • RECTANGULAR, top view: hexagon
  • NUCLEUS near BASE of cell
  • PROTECTION, SECRETION/ABSORPTION due to GOBLET cells (secrete MUCIN)
  • may/may not b CILIATED
  • location: NONciliated- stomach, intestines, cervical cranial CILIATED- uterus, fallopian tubes, ductus deferents (male repro), small intra-pul- monary bronchi (lungs)

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  1. stratified squa- mous keratinized epithelium LAY- ERS

stratum

  1. basale
  2. spinosum
  3. granulosum
  4. lucidum (palms & soles, NOT in ORAL cavity
  5. stratum corneum (dead, non-nucleated)
  6. keratin - hard, tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein
  • resists friction
  • impervious to bacteria and other invaders
  • 1ST LINE OF DEFENCE
  • nuclei are condensed and inactive
  1. transitional ep- ithelium
  • ranges bw STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-KERATINIZED and STRATIFIED COLUM- NAR EPITHELIUM
  • ranges from polyhedral to dome shaped, flat cells

2026 EXAMS FOR DENTISTRY

  • location: bladder cells are SOFT, PLIABLE and LOOSELY ARRANGED
  1. turnover time epithelial cells are capable of RAPID TURNOVER (time for newly divided cells to be replaced thruout tissue)
  • SKIN is about 27 days
  • ORAL CAVITY is about 14 days
  1. basement mem- brane
  2. 3 layers of base- ment membrane
  3. connective tissue cell types
  • thin, ACELLULAR
  • located bw epithelium and connective tissues
  • 3 layers
  1. lamina lucida (clear, basal lamina)
  2. lamina densa (dense, basal lamina)
  3. reticular lamina (contains collagen and reticular fibres)

fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells