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Test Bank For
Developmental Science, 8E Edited By Marc H. Bornstein, Michael E. Lamb
Chapter 1-
Chapter 1 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- To be considered developmental, changes must be: _________________. a. organized, systemic, and successive b. systemic, successive, and dynamic c. temporal, finite, and acute d. contextual, organized, and fluid
- What is the focus of the process-relational paradigm? a. Holistic syntheses b. Dynamic integration c. Process d. All of these
- Which theory involves four interrelated components of process, person, context, and time? a. Baltes’ Life-span Developmental Theory b. Brandtstädter’s Action Theory of Human Development c. Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Theory of Developmental Processes d. Fischer’s Dynamic Coactive Systems Theory
- Which theory extends Bronfenbrenner’s model to young people? a. Baltes’ Life-span Developmental Theory b. Spencer’s Phenomenological Variant of Ecological System’s Theory c. Thelen and Smith’s Dynamic Systems Theory d. Fischer’s Dynamic Coactive Systems Theory
- According to Baltes’ Life-span Developmental Theory, for a parent, the death of a child is a historical change that would influence their development in which way? a. Normative, age-graded b. Normative, history-graded c. Non-normative life event d. None of these
- Which scholar(s) advanced a topic- or variable-specific theory around resilience? a. Masten b. Bornstein c. Goodnow and Lawrence d. Marshall
- Collecting data and formulating theory based on what is observed is called: a. Deductive reasoning b. Inductive reasoning c. Trial and error d. The scientific method
- What should be the primary tool of developmental science from the relational developmental systems perspective?
e. Nomothetic f. Group differential g. Ideographic h. None of these
Chapter 2 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of human culture? a. Eusociality b. Symbolic communication c. Cultural diversity d. Social norms
- The word for “angry” directly translates to “enojado” in Spanish, but may not capture the exact same underlying concept. This as a clear example of _____ but presents a problem with _______. a. Linguistic equivalence, functional equivalence b. Functional equivalence, external validity c. Cultural equivalence, ecological validity d. External validity, linguistic equivalence
- What are some of the key challenges involved in studying cultural differences in human development? a. Conceptualizing culture and measuring cultural differences b. Finding participants from different cultural backgrounds c. Developing culturally sensitive research methods d. All of the above
- What is the definition of construct validity? a. The assessment of how well a measurement tool or instrument accurately measures the underlying concept it is intended to assess b. An insider’s perspective on and experiences of their own culture c. The extent to which the findings of a study accurately represent real-world situations, behaviors, or phenomena d. The degree to which indirect or similar translations of words or expressions in different languages convey the same concepts
- What has cross-cultural research taught us about the timing and development of children’s learning of number words? a. Children across all cultures learn number words in the same order, but different timing b. Children across all cultures learn number words in the same order and the same timing c. Children learn number words in different orders across cultures, but with the same timing d. Children learn number words in different orders across cultures, and with different timing
- What are ways in which developmental science can benefit from greater engagement with cultural diversity? a. Better capturing the full breadth of human diversity b. Establishing more accurate developmental norms c. Informing policies and interventions
Inferences about causal connections of independent and dependent variables. Generalizability of study results to other settings, populations, and contexts.
External validity refers to the _____: Extent to which the results of studies are applicable to individuals, cultures, communities, settings, treatments, and times different from those existing during the conduct of the study. Appropriateness of inferences made from statistical tests. Inferences about the causal connections of independent and dependent variables. Degree to which variables represent intended constructs.
True Experiments: Both manipulate the independent variable and control for the effects of other variables by random assignment. Manipulate the independent variable. Control for the effects of other variables by random assignment. Have high external validity.
Which of the following best describes cross-sequential designs? Multiple cohorts are followed over the same time interval. One cohort is followed over multiple time intervals. Two cohorts are compared at the same time interval. One cohort is examined at one time interval.
One of the biggest advantages of multiple linear regression is:
It demonstrates whether an independent variable can uniquely predict a dependent variable over and above the contributions made by other independent variables. It can predict one variable from another. It can capture positive and negative associations between two variables. By statistically controlling for confounds, it can determine how one variable causes another.
Which of the following types of measurement validity refers to the extent to which scores on a measure are associated with other variables that the measure is expected to be associated with? Criterion validity Face validity Content validity Construct validity
___ is a distribution’s center or middle. ____ is how much scores vary in a distribution. Central tendency, variability Variability, central tendency Median, standard deviation Standard deviation, median
A model that estimates the latent continuous trajectory of children’s cognitive development from ages 3-17 is an example of a: Latent growth curve model One-way repeated measures ANOVA
Path Analysis Chi-Square Analysis
All of the following are common ways of measuring effect size except: P-values Standardized mean difference-like measures Correlational Measures Confidence Intervals
Chapter 4 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- Which of the following best describes the goal of developmental psychopathology research? a. To study discrete, mutually exclusive categories of mental disorders b. To understand typical and atypical development across the lifespan c. To produce knowledge that contributes to a general scientific understanding of a topic d. To apply empirical knowledge to the development, evaluation, and implementation of intervention and prevention programs
- Developmental psychopathology is ________. a. Transdisciplinary b. Multidisciplinary c. Interdisciplinary d. A medical model
- Which of the following statements is least consistent with the Organizational Perspective of developmental psychopathology? a. Humans actively contribute to their experiences with the environment b. All domains of human development constantly interact with one another c. New abilities emerge from foundational abilities d. Early experiences determine later functioning
- Research demonstrating that early exposure to physical abuse by a caregiver is associated with the development of various psychopathologies later in life is best represented by which term? a. Equifinality b. Multifinality c. Developmental cascade d. Resilience
- Which of the following statements does not represent a methodological challenge to research on developmental cascades? a. It is challenging to rule out third variable explanations b. Longitudinal data are necessary c. Repeated, developmentally timed assessments are necessary d. Reliance on person-centered approaches
- Which statement is TRUE? a. Community-based research partnerships involve community leaders and members in the hypothesis generation stage of scientific research b. Evaluating moderators provides insight into why intervention and prevention programs work c. Randomized controlled trials allow researchers to evaluate causal effects
Subtle deficits No differences Profound delays Greater cortical involvement
Which of the following cortical areas reaches maturity LATEST in human development? Prefrontal cortex Left hemisphere language centers Sensory-motor integration areas Temporal lobe pathways
Note: The correct answer for each question is the first one. The
multiple-choice question test banks are also available here as
downloadable interactive MCQs that you can integrate into your
university's own copies of Moodle or Blackboard.
1. Why is motor development important for developmental science? All of the below For researchers interested in behavior, movement is the target of study. For researchers interested in basic psychological functions, movement is an integral component of ???. For researchers interested in change processes, motor behavior is an easily observable marker of change. 2. Spontaneous movements begin ______ and end _______. In the fetus; at death In the fetus; at birth At birth; in adulthood At birth; at death 3. How does postural control develop? From the head down From the toes up From the center of the body outward In all body parts at once 4. Which of the following is not one of the behaviors newborns must coordinate to successfully nurse? Rooting Sucking Breathing Swallowing 5. Which of the following demonstrates the idea that action systems are more functional than anatomical? Babies can interact with objects with their feet. Adults can walk on their knees or their feet. Looking requires planning to inform subsequent looking. Muscles in the face develop to produce more force for chewing. 6. What does it mean for movements to be “embodied”?
All movements occur in a body and are constrained by the physical and biomechanical constraints of the body People must take into account the movements of other people when making their own movements. Some bodies are better at performing certain movements than others. Different functional actions are constrained to particular body parts.
7. What is the primary driver of improvements in motor behavior? Experience Age Creativity Perception 8. Cultural differences in everyday childrearing routines______________. affect accumulated practice, leading to differences in the form and timing of locomotor skills. have no effect on children’s motor development. affect accumulated practice, but lead to no noticeable differences between children. have no effect on children’s cognitive development. 9. Self-touch always produces what kinds of multimodal information? Proprioceptive and tactile Olfactory and visual Cognitive and auditory Social and emotional 10. Both walking and running gaits____________ may differ between cultures. involve landing on the heel if people are barefoot. are consistent across individuals. emerge in infancy.
Note: The correct answer for each question is the first one. The multiple-
choice question test banks are also available here as downloadable
interactive MCQs that you can integrate into your university’s own copies
of Moodle or Blackboard.
Which of the following research methods should be considered the strongest with respect to the inferences it permits about perceptual development? Use of conditioned head rotation in the study of auditory discrimination Comparisons of brain anatomy of infants and children Measurement of single-cell activity in the sensory cortex of adolescents Observations of changes in infant heart rate during the presentation of a novel event
Which of the following lists represents the correct sequence (from earliest to latest) of the functional development of the five senses during prenatal development? Touch, taste, smell, hearing, vision Taste, smell, touch, vision, hearing Smell, touch, taste, hearing, vision Touch, hearing, smell, taste, vision
At which of the following ages does synaptic “pruning” tend to peak in humans? 1 year, 11 years Birth, 12 years
Multiple-Choice Questions for Chapter 8:
- Cross-age correlations are used to assess the stability of IQ. Research has shown that IQ is generally
a. highly stable; cross-age correlations with adult IQ are about .70–.80 by 8 or 9 years of age.* b. highly stable, but only for children living in extreme environments (that is, extreme poverty or substantial wealth). c. not highly stable; cross-age correlations never exceed .30–.40 when IQ is assessed over a period of two years or longer. d. not highly stable; IQ is a good predictor of how a person is functioning at a specific time , but is highly variable with situations and thus produces highly different scores when given to the same person at different time, producing cross-age correlations that rarely exceed .30.
- According to Piaget, accommodation refers to
a. the fact that every structure has its genesis in previous structures. b. the modification or distortion of new information in order to incorporate it into current schemes or structures. c. the changing of a current scheme or structure in order to incorporate new information. * d. the tendency to integrate structures into higher order systems of structures.
- In the Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task, children sort pictures according to
one dimension (e.g., by color , “All the blue cards go here”), and then the dimensions change (e.g., sorting by shape , “Now all the flowers go here.”). Children 3 years of age and younger have a difficult time performing this task when the dimensions change. This task assesses
a. working memory. b. ADHD (attention deficit with hyperactivity disorder). c. metacognition. d. cognitive flexibility, or task switching. *
- With respect to cognitive development , plasticity refers to
a. the artificiality of learning rote memory tasks. b. the ability to solve problems. c. the generation of new brain cells after birth. d. the ability to change or adapt to novel situations, including the ability to recover from formerly detrimental circumstances. *
- Spelke has argued that infants are born with a small set of distinct systems of
knowledge that have been shaped by natural selection over evolution on which new and flexible skills and knowledge systems (such as reading and arithmetic) are later built. She refers to this as
a. core knowledge. * b. metacognition. c. object constancy. d. representational insight.
- Piaget's concept of object permanence refers to the
a. knowledge that objects exist independent of one's perceptions of and actions on them. * b. knowledge that an inanimate object (i.e., a ball) will remain in a given location when put there, although an animate object (i.e., a rabbit) may not. c. tendency for semantic knowledge of objects to remain permanently in long-term memory. d. ability to memorize the spatial location of permanent objects in the environment.
- The inability to remember information from early childhood is termed
a. retrospective memory. b. infantile amnesia. * c. anterograde amnesia. d. infantile memory.
- At about 3 years of age, symbolic play increases substantially in complexity,
with children engaging with other children in role-playing, called a. object-oriented play. b. child-oriented play. c. sociodramatic play. * d. Symbolic function.
- Changes across the life span are least apparent for what kind of memory?
a. Semantic memory b. Episodic memory c. Implicit memory * d. Prospective memory
- Children 3 years of age and older typically copy the exact actions of a model, even if many of those actions are obviously irrelevant. This phenomenon is referred to as
meaningful sign at ____ months:
6; 12; 9 5; 8; 12
12; 18; 20
4; 12; 12
5. Which of the following is true about genes and language development? Vocabulary is more heritable than grammar.
Language heritability decreases with age.
The heritability of language impairment is 3-5%.
None of the above
6. What population provides the best evidence for a critical period in L1?
Some groups of signers
Children with cochlear implants
International adoptees Immigrants
7. What factors underlie performance in nonword repetition?
Language exposure
Literacy Working memory
All of the above
8. Which of these statements accurately describes vocabulary development over one's
lifetime? Vocabulary remains relatively stable after childhood.
A "vocabulary spurt" is often observed in old age.
Vocabulary growth can be exponential, particularly around 18 months.
Vocabulary growth is typically independent from literacy and schooling.
9. Which language skill is mastered the latest? Politeness
Correct generalization of structures
Inflectional morphology Phonological rules
10. What theoretical perspective suggests that children comprehend and produce
language based on their linguistic experiences?
Generativism Universal Grammar
Constructivism or usage-based view
Joint Activation theory
Multiple choice questions
1) A developmental characteristic is considered “constitutional” if it is:
A) Biologically-based B) Environmentally-based C) Contextually-based D) Culturally-based
2) ________ reflects how easily a person becomes emotionally aroused in response to
different situations; ___________refers to how it is modulated.
A) Reactivity; regulation B) Regulation; reactivity C) Inhibition; regulation D) Reactivity; inhibition
3) Sai is a highly active child living in a family that highly values calmness and
compliance and he is at risk of developing externalizing problems. This is an
example of poor_________:
A) Goodness of fit B) Effortful control C) Differential susceptibility D) Emotion regulation
4) The emotions sadness, anger, and joy are examples of emotions within which
theoretical framework?
A) Discrete emotions theory B) Constructivist theory C) Functionalist theory D) Circumplex theory
5) The fact that anger can be expressed many different ways is an example of
________; and that different stimuli may lead to anger is an example of _________.
A) Equipotentiality; equifinality B) Equifinality; equipotentiality C) Ontogeny; equifinality D) Equipotentiality; ontogeny
6) Juan is a 14-year-old who engages in a great deal of risky behavior despite being
able to logically reason about the downsides of taking risks. What might explain this
discrepancy?
A) Developmental timing of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala.
Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- At what age do children first start labeling their gender and using gender labels in their speech? a. Between 6 and 12 months b. Between 18 and 24 months c. Between 3 and 5 years d. None of these
- What contributes to the speed at which individuals discover and adopt gender- and sexually- diverse identities? a. Access to information and knowledge gains b. Social contagion c. Cognitive development d. All of these
- What is the most common form of sexual diversity? a. Exclusive same-gender sexuality b. Exclusive heterosexuality c. Nonbinary d. Plural patterns of attraction
- What are the factors that might contribute to sexual identity change across the life span? a. Changes in intimate relationships (e.g., starting a relationship with a man for the first time) b. Changes in social factors (e.g., increased social acceptance of same-gender sexuality) c. Changes in life circumstances (e.g., moving to a new community, divorce) d. All of the above
- What term refers to the behavioral expression of gender-typed appearance and/or activities? a. Gender expression b. Gender dysphoria c. Sexual diversity d. Gender mosaicism
- What is the gender affirmative model of care? a. An approach to support and affirm experienced gender identity and reduce psychological distress b. A form of psychotherapy to reconcile an individual’s religious and sexual identity c. Effortful changes to extinguish same-sex attractions d. Distress due to the discrepancy between birth-assigned gender and felt gender
- What was found in the largest-ever genetic study of sexual behavior by Ganna et al. (2019)? a. 8 – 25% of the variance in the likelihood of engaging in same-gender behavior could be attributed to genetic influences b. There were genetic differences between individuals with exclusively same-gender behavior versus “bisexual” or “mostly heterosexual” patterns of behavior c. Different genes differentiated individuals with a reported history of same-gender sexual behavior from individuals with no history of such behavior d. All of these
Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- What is an early behavioral manifestation of mentalizing skills? a. Teasing b. Helping c. Pretend Play d. All of these
- What is the purpose of the helper-hinderer paradigm? a. Linguistic equivalence, functional equivalence b. Functional equivalence, external validity c. To examine whether infants have a ‘moral core’ that allows them to evaluate the moral relevance of others’ actions d. External validity, linguistic equivalence
- In what way do siblings promote child mentalization? a. Arguments between siblings may result in parental interventions, which provide an opportunity to discuss differences in points of view b. Fantasy play with siblings provides an opportunity for practicing mentalizing skills c. Sibling relationships can be emotionally intense, providing an opportunity to understand other children’s thoughts and feelings d. All of the above
- Research suggests a link between better theory of mind and which of the following? a. Greater sensitivity to criticism b. Greater social anxiety c. Poorer academic outcomes d. Reduced loneliness
- Parents who focus on the internal states of their toddlers during conversations with them are more likely to foster ______ goals in their children. a. Autonomy-related b. Interdependent c. Socialization-related d. None of these
- Choose one statement that best describes mind reading. a. Mind reading is a prosocial tool. b. Mind reading is a tool for deception or manipulation of social situations. c. Mind reading is a socially neutral tool. d. None of these
Chapter 13 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- What is are the four phases (in order) described by Bowlby (1969) in the development of parent- infant attachments? a. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
1. Which is a type of dyadic peer experience?
a. popularity b. peer victimization c. friendship d. peer acceptance
2. What is the difference between dyadic and group peer experiences?
a. dyadic experiences involve two peers and group experiences involve more than two peers b. group experiences involve two peers and dyadic experiences involve more than two peers c. dyadic experiences involve cliques and group experiences involve crowds d. dyadic experiences involve crowds and group experiences involve cliques
3. Why are friends similar to each other? a. due to selection or attraction effects b. due to socialization effects c. due to both selection and socialization effects d. none of the above 4. A wide range of behaviors is accepted in what kind of culture? a. independent b. interdependent c. tight d. loose 5. Harming others refers to _____________ violations while ________________ violations involve going against societal expectations and norms.
a. moral; conventional b. personal; conventional c. conventional; moral d. moral; personal
Chapter 15 Multiple Choice Questions
The correct answer is bolded and italicized.
- Which term refers to an approach to education that is focused on curiosity, creative thinking, and the use of discovery as a primary motivational approach a. Constructivist education b. Traditionalist education c. Socio-emotional learning d. Mixed-age learning
- Which scholar proposed that skilled teachers are those who can bring the logical ordering of the subject matters into the psychological world of the developing child through their pedagogy and lesson design? a. Dewey b. Bronfenbrenner c. Erikson d. Skinner
- Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Research in the West shows that students’ intrinsic motivation to learn declines over time without repeatedly encountering constructivist teaching practices in schools b. Students’ social positions in society (e.g., socioeconomic background, ethnic and racial identity, gender identity) play important roles in shaping their experiences and development in school c. Curricular differentiation is associated with increased achievement, but not motivation, of high-ability students and increased motivation, but not achievement, of lower-ability students d. None of the above
- An ecological, developmental perspective of schooling assumes that _______ influence(s) student development in school. a. Student appraisal of their school experience b. Daily activities and reciprocal social interactions between members of a school community c. Student academic-related capacities d. All of the above
- Which of the following is NOT a contextual level of the school system hypothesized to influence individual development? a. Academic curriculum b. Grouping practices c. Peer interactions d. Schools as organizations
- Which concept best describes the idea that fit between the school environment and the child’s needs determines if and how schooling influences development? a. My-side bias b. Stage-environment fit c. Culturally responsive teaching d. Professional orchestration
