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A detailed explanation of synapses, the specialized junctions between neurons, and the process of chemical transmission. It covers key concepts such as temporal and spatial summation, excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, the discovery of chemical transmission, and the role of neurotransmitters. The document also explores the different types of synaptic effects, including ionotropic and metabotropic effects, and the role of neuropeptides in long-term changes in behavior. Finally, it discusses the inactivation and reuptake of neurotransmitters and the importance of negative feedback mechanisms in regulating synaptic transmission.
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(^) send excitatory message to flexor muscles of 1 leg & extensor muscles of other 3 legs (^) inhibit extensor muscles in pinched leg & flexor muscles of other 3 legs
THE DISCOVERY OF CHEMICAL TRANSMISSION AT SYNAPSES
(^) Neuron synthesizes chemicals (neurotransmitters) (^) Vesicles: neurotransmitters are held for release (^) Action potentials (^) Exocytosis: bursts of release of neurotransmitter from presynaptic terminal into synaptic cleft (caused by calcium entering cell) (^) Released molecules diffuse across cleft, attach to receptors, & alter activity of postsynaptic neuron
Neuropeptides Neurotransmitters Place synthesized Cell body Presynaptic terminal Place released Mostly from dendrites, also cell body and sides of axon Axon terminal Released by Repeated depolarization Single action potential Effect on neighboring cells They release the neuropeptide too No effect on neighbors Spread of effects Diffuse to wide area Effect mostly on receptors of the adjacent postsynaptic cell Duration of effects Minutes Milliseconds to seconds