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symbolic interactionism, Slides of Psychology

intro to symbolic interactionism

Typology: Slides

2020/2021

Uploaded on 06/30/2021

syanes-adishesa
syanes-adishesa 🇮🇩

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30/06/2021
1
Four major
theories
Psikologi Sosial 2020/2021
syanes.adishesa@atmajaya.ac.id
outline
Particularly useful in
understanding social
interaction
01.
symbolic interactionism
Focuses on structure of
society
02.
role theory
Useful in understanding
enduring interpersonal
relationship
03.
exchange theory
Factors that affect
individual’s behavior in
specific situations
04.
social learning theory
1
2
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
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Four major

theories

Psikologi Sosial 2020/ syanes.adishesa@atmajaya.ac.id

outline

Particularly useful in understanding social interaction

symbolic interactionism

Focuses on structure of society

role theory

Useful in understanding enduring interpersonal relationship

exchange theory

Factors that affect individual’s behavior in specific situations

social learning theory

Particularly useful in understanding social interaction symbolic interactionism

three major premises “Human beings act toward things on the basis of the meanings these things have for them.” first “Meanings are modified through our continued experience.” third “Meanings are the product of social interaction.” second

THE SELF ● Mead: individuals view themselves by taking the points of view of others in society ○ Sense of self is developed through social interaction ○ People first develop awareness of others, and only later develop an awareness of self ● Two-stage process of self-awareness: ○ Play & games ○ Role-taking ● Generalized other ○ a set of standard common to a social group ○ enable us to view ourselves as object & evaluate our behavior THE SELF ● Mead: individuals view themselves by taking the points of view of others in society ○ Sense of self is developed through social interaction ○ People first develop awareness of others, and only later develop an awareness of self ● Two-stage process of self-awareness: ○ Play & games ○ Role-taking ● Generalized other ○ the general notion that a person has of the common expectations that others have about actions and thoughts within a particular society. ○ enable us to view ourselves as object & evaluate our behavior

SCHOOLS OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM Chicago Iowa Dramaturgical Founders GH Mead Herbert Blumer Manford Kuhn Erving Goffman Unit of analysis individual group Social interaction Focus Individual's behavior based on subjective realities and meaning given to current situation (not predetermined by roles and attitudes) Roles limit/form individual's behavior but do not really determine them How people present themselves in front of others = as performance on the stage. Mode of research Different from existing methods Using existing research methods Unique terms Sensitizing concepts TST Identity salience Stigma "Normals" Focuses on structure of society ROLE THEORY

MULTIPLE ROLES Individuals cannot fill all the expectations associated with each roles Role strain Interrole (seperate role are incompatible) or intrarole (contradictory expectation in one role) role conflict More roles = better function in society, but... Useful in understanding enduring interpersonal relationship. EXCHANGE THEORY

THE PROPOSITIONS OF EXCHANGE THEORY

1. People will engage in actions that are rewarded

2. During similar situations, actions that receive a reward will be

more likely to be repeated

3. Reward gain in value when we’ve been deprived and loses

value when given too frequently

4. Failure to obtain an expected reward  angry. Obtain an

unexpected reward  pleased

5. The frequency of an action depends on the value of outcome

and the probability of said outcome

Note: Reward in exchange theory is not necessarily material reward. POWER AND EXCHANGE Power = the control of reward & punishment

  • Power exists when the receipt of reward/punishment is controlled by one side
  • The person who has least to gain from an exchange has the greatest power in the relationship
  • e.g. domestic abuse, when the absence of punishment could be a twisted form of reward

TYPES OF LEARNING

  • Direct learning
    • Learning by directly experiencing
  • Observational learning
    • Learning by observing others’ behavior and its consequence
    • Process:
      • Attend to a model
      • Retain the lesson
      • Rehearsal (mental/behavioral)
      • Reproduce (must have the ability and depend on the consequence)
    • A person may acquire a behavior but choose not to perform it
    • Regulation: how behavior is directed to meet certain standards or achieve certain goals
    • Types of regulation
      • Reinforcement control
        • Reward & punishment from the environment, maintained through self-reinforcement (e.g. pride)
      • Stimulus control
        • Using classical conditioning, certain stimulus is associated with certain response
      • Cognitive control
        • Using our capacity to think, plan, and imagine our behavior & its consequence
    • All three types are often present, but the strength could vary depending on the situation REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR

CONCEPT CHECK

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