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Intellectual & Artistic World of High Middle Ages: Reintroducing Art, Architecture & Reaso, Study notes of Cultural History of Europe

An overview of the intellectual and artistic developments during the high middle ages, focusing on the emergence of scholasticism and its impact on theology, philosophy, and the reintroduction of reason. The role of universities, the background to scholasticism, and the scholastics themselves, including anselm of canterbury, peter abelard, peter lombard, and thomas aquinas. Additionally, the document discusses the revival of roman law and its influence on legal systems in europe.

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Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/16/2009

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INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC WORLD OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
Lecture Outline # 27
I ART & MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE (CHURCHES)
1 1st Christian Buildings = Basilicas (Late Roman); Cruciform (cross-shaped) Buildings = relatively late (7th & 8th Cs)
2 2 Architectural Styles Dominate High Middle Ages: Romanesque & Gothic
a Romanesque: dark, heavy, rounded arches, small windows; ARevival@ of Old Roman Style B> AWhite Mantle of
Churches@
b Gothic: light, many windows, pointed arches; Critics thought Abarbaric@, hence AGothic@
1) 1st Such Church = Abbey Church St. Denis, north of Paris built by Abbe` Suger
2) Actually represents Urban efforts to Areach up to God@
3 Both forms of Churches Testify to devotion of Towns and their financial resources!
II BACKGROUND TO REINTRODUCTION OF REASON
A BACKGROUND TO EMERGENCE OF SCHOLASTICISM Associated with Rise of Universities
1 Higher Education less dominated by Clergy: Towns, States Need Administrators
2 STUDENTS in University: lower strata of freemen; becoming teachers, administrators, lawyers, doctors
3 University Teaching and Learning:
a CURRICULUM = 7 Liberal ARTS: Not new knowledge; AGolden past@ of Auctoritas / Authorities
b Goals of Learning: Understand Past Knowledge & Manipulate it for Contemporary Uses
c Hence, Method of University Teachers: Lectio = AReading@ of Authorities --> Lecture; students make notes
4 BUT . . . EUROPE CHANGING
a CITIES
b MIDDLE CLASS Bourgeoisie & TRADE
c STATE: Kings in Need to ACivil Servants@
d Growth of UNIVERSITY Connected to ALL These Trends
B SCHOLASTICISM: HERMENEUTIC OF HIGH MIDDLE AGES
1 HERMENEUTIC Method by Which any text is Interpreted, it is basis (?set of principles?) which to understand a
text
a Examples: Paul in Galatians employs Allegory (Sarah & Isaac stand for New Covenant)
b 12 tribes B> 12 apostles; Jonah 3 days in fish B> Jesus 3 Days in Tomb
2 EARLY MEDIEVAL HERMENEUTICS Based Primarily Upon ST. AUGUSTINE
a Hermeneutic of Early Middle Ages: EMA method of Interpreting / Understanding
Bible = ALLEGORY
b Assumptions of this Hermeneutic
1) Historical / factual is truth, but material & physical is of less importance than Spiritual
2) Highest Truth / Meaning Level is Spiritual Level = Allegorical Level (facts point to this)
3) HMC Interprets Scripture: human reason is fallen, not trustworthy; so HMC Interprets
3 Conclusions of CHURCHMEN-THINKERS EMA:
a Employ Allegory to Interpret Bible: This is like that
b Do not trust reason B According to St. Augustine, Man, Body-Soul-MIND is AFallen@ & Unable to Areason@
c SO, RELY on HMC: She interprets Scripture, issues doctrines, papal statements, etc.
C CLOSELY RELATED ISSUE: 2 Kinds of Knowledge at this Point & they are INCOMPATIBLE
a Theology / Theologia = Scripture + Teachings of Church = SPIRITUAL knowledge = AFAITH@
b Philosophy / Philosophia = ALL other knowledge
a Includes Logic / Reason = Philosophy, Reason, Knowledge (gathered thru human senses) = AARISTOTLE@
bPhilosophia is Inferior because it is Human, material, Adown here@
III. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS LAY FOUNDATION OF FUTURE: ABAPTISM OF ARISTOTELIAN REASON@
A SCHOLASTIC METHOD
1 ROOTS of Scholasticism lie precisely in Using REASON (Logic) to solve Theological Questions
a Monk, Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109): used reason / logic to prove Existence of God rationally
1) AGod@ is defined as the greatest conceivable Being
2) To exist in Reality is greater than to exist in the Understanding only (as a conception)
3) If AGod@ existed only in the Understanding, but not in reality then He would not be the Greatest
Conceivable being because we can conceive of a such a Being existing actually in Reality
4) Hence, it follows that AGod@ must exist in Reality as well as in the Understanding
b Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Source of NEW Method & New HERMENEUTIC
1) Origin of Scholastic Method of Interpreting Scripture (Scholasticism) tho he didn=t realize it
2) PA=s Problem = Inconsistency of Bible, Fathers, Teachings of HMC
3) PA=s ANSWER: USE Human Reason to solve B> Published Sic et Non (Yes & No) B demonstrated
method, but did not actually apply method to solve the problems
4) Abelard & Method Popular B> Many Teachers followed
Method
5) In time, Scholasticism is hallmark of University Teacher (a Scholasticus)
c By ca. 1160, Translations of ALL Aristotle=s Works into Latin B from Arabic, then from
Greek
1) Aristotle's works on LOGIC Arediscovered@ by West (from Arabs & Byzantines)
2) SO much (pagan) knowledge! CAN it be used by Christian West??
B SCHOLASTICS
1 Peter Lombard, d. 1160: trained in law & theology; taught at Paris; Bishop of Paris
aLiber Sententiarum: Four Books of Sentences, ca 1150
1) APPLIED Abelard=s Method to Inconsistencies B> Liber = Synthesis of Conflicting Arguents
2) Classic Textbook of Theology for CENTURIES
b Lombard=s Sententiarum is to Theology what Gratian is to Roman Law
2 Scholasticism@ B Scholasticus = teacher in Cathedral School (schola) --> Scholasticism
a Method of HMA: Use of HUMAN Reason to understand Scripture & Church Fathers
b Shared Beliefs
Janet M. Fortner, Fall 2007
Use by express permission only
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INTELLECTUAL AND ARTISTIC WORLD OF THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES

Lecture Outline # 27 I ART & MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE (CHURCHES) 1 1 st^ Christian Buildings = Basilicas (Late Roman); Cruciform (cross-shaped) Buildings = relatively late (7th^ & 8th^ Cs) 2 2 Architectural Styles Dominate High Middle Ages: Romanesque & Gothic a Romanesque: dark, heavy, rounded arches, small windows; A Revival @ of Old Roman Style B > A White Mantle of Churches @ b Gothic: light, many windows, pointed arches; Critics thought A barbaric @ , hence A Gothic @

  1. 1 st^ Such Church = Abbey Church St. Denis, north of Paris built by Abbe` Suger
  2. Actually represents Urban efforts to A reach up to God @ 3 Both forms of Churches Testify to devotion of Towns and their financial resources! II BACKGROUND TO REINTRODUCTION OF REASON A BACKGROUND TO EMERGENCE OF SCHOLASTICISM Associated with Rise of Universities 1 Higher Education less dominated by Clergy: Towns, States Need Administrators 2 STUDENTS in University: lower strata of freemen; becoming teachers, administrators, lawyers, doctors 3 University Teaching and Learning: a CURRICULUM = 7 Liberal ARTS: Not new knowledge; A Golden past @ of Auctoritas / Authorities b Goals of Learning: Understand Past Knowledge & Manipulate it for Contemporary Uses c Hence, Method of University Teachers: Lectio = A Reading @ of Authorities - -> Lecture; students make notes 4 BUT... EUROPE CHANGING a CITIES b MIDDLE CLASS Bourgeoisie & TRADE c STATE: Kings in Need to A Civil Servants @ d Growth of UNIVERSITY Connected to ALL These Trends B SCHOLASTICISM: HERMENEUTIC OF HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1 HERMENEUTIC Method by Which any text is Interpreted, it is basis (?set of principles?) which to understand a text a Examples: Paul in Galatians employs Allegory (Sarah & Isaac stand for New Covenant) b 12 tribes B > 12 apostles; Jonah 3 days in fish B > Jesus 3 Days in Tomb 2 EARLY MEDIEVAL HERMENEUTICS Based Primarily Upon ST. AUGUSTINE a Hermeneutic of Early Middle Ages: EMA method of Interpreting / Understanding Bible = ALLEGORY b Assumptions of this Hermeneutic
  3. Historical / factual is truth, but material & physical is of less importance than Spiritual
  4. Highest Truth / Meaning Level is Spiritual Level = Allegorical Level (facts point to this)
  5. HMC Interprets Scripture: human reason is fallen, not trustworthy; so HMC Interprets 3 Conclusions of CHURCHMEN-THINKERS EMA: a Employ Allegory to Interpret Bible: This is like that b Do not trust reason B According to St. Augustine, Man, Body-Soul-MIND is A Fallen @ & Unable to A reason @ c SO, RELY on HMC: She interprets Scripture, issues doctrines, papal statements, etc. C CLOSELY RELATED ISSUE: 2 Kinds of Knowledge at this Point & they are INCOMPATIBLE a Theology / Theologia = Scripture + Teachings of Church = SPIRITUAL knowledge = A FAITH @ b Philosophy / Philosophia = ALL other knowledge a Includes Logic / Reason = Philosophy, Reason, Knowledge (gathered thru human senses) = A ARISTOTLE @ b Philosophia is Inferior because it is Human, material, A down here @ III. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS LAY FOUNDATION OF FUTURE: A BAPTISM OF ARISTOTELIAN REASON @ A SCHOLASTIC METHOD 1 ROOTS of Scholasticism lie precisely in Using REASON (Logic) to solve Theological Questions a Monk, Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109): used reason / logic to prove Existence of God rationally
  6. A God @ is defined as the greatest conceivable Being
  7. To exist in Reality is greater than to exist in the Understanding only (as a conception)
  8. If A God @ existed only in the Understanding, but not in reality then He would not be the Greatest Conceivable being because we can conceive of a such a Being existing actually in Reality
  9. Hence, it follows that A God @ must exist in Reality as well as in the Understanding b Peter Abelard (1079-1142) Source of NEW Method & New HERMENEUTIC
  10. Origin of Scholastic Method of Interpreting Scripture (Scholasticism) tho he didn = t realize it
  11. PA = s Problem = Inconsistency of Bible, Fathers, Teachings of HMC
  12. PA = s ANSWER: USE Human Reason to solve B > Published Sic et Non (Yes & No) B demonstrated method, but did not actually apply method to solve the problems
  13. Abelard & Method Popular B > Many Teachers followed Method
  14. In time, Scholasticism is hallmark of University Teacher (a Scholasticus ) c By ca. 1160, Translations of ALL Aristotle = s Works into Latin B from Arabic, then from Greek
  15. Aristotle's works on LOGIC A rediscovered @ by West (from Arabs & Byzantines)
  16. SO much ( pagan ) knowledge! CAN it be used by Christian West?? B SCHOLASTICS 1 Peter Lombard, d. 1160: trained in law & theology; taught at Paris; Bishop of Paris a Liber Sententiarum : Four Books of Sentences, ca 1150
  17. APPLIED Abelard = s Method to Inconsistencies B > Liber = Synthesis of Conflicting Arguents
  18. Classic Textbook of Theology for CENTURIES b Lombard = s Sententiarum is to Theology what Gratian is to Roman Law 2 Scholasticism @ B Scholasticus = teacher in Cathedral School ( schola ) - -> Scholasticism a Method of HMA: Use of HUMAN Reason to understand Scripture & Church Fathers b Shared Beliefs Janet M. Fortner, Fall 2007

1^ Use by express permission only

  1. 2 Kinds of Knowledge are Compatible: a Faith / Bible / teachings of HMC b Reason / Philosophy / Sensory Knowledge / A Aristotle @
  2. God is Source of Both kinds of Knowledge; So, Both Reason & Faith contain Truth
  3. If there are contradictions, they arise from human error 3 Thomas Aquinas (1225-1275) Greatest Scholastic a. Sent by Pope to Paris to investigate Scholasticism, Use of Human Reason, and Aristotle b. Result: Thomas wrote Summa theologica (Summation of Theology) Conclusion: Scholasticism is acceptable
  4. Some knowledge comes only by Reason B Atomic Structure
  5. some knowledge comes only by Revelation B Incarnation
  6. some knowledge comes by both B God Created World
  7. But Highest Knowledge comes by Revelation B Jesus is the Son of God d. Thomas made Aristotle & Scholasticism acceptable to HMC & Thomism = official Catholic position C REVIVAL OF ROMAN LAW: Growing Kingdoms Must have more developed Law than the Germani had 1 Justinian the Great Codified Roman Law, 527ff: Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) but lost to a LOST to West after ca. AD 600 b A Rediscovered: @ Only surviving Western copy uncovered ca. 1070 B probably at Monte Cassino 2 Irnerius, d. 1130: Taught Roman law at Bologna & commented on meaning 3 Gratian, d. ca. 1179: great lawyer of HMA: trained at Bologna; harmonized inconsistencies of Roman Law in Decretum (1139-
  8. ( A Concordance of Discordant Canons @ ) 4 Schools of Law developed at Bologna & Pavia, Italy; Paris: French Kings hire lawyers to support Roman absolutism 6 England is different! English Kings established English COMMON Law a English & American law is based on English Common Law b What? Law common to peoples of England when Conqueror took over 1066 c English law already codified based on Common Law before rediscovery of Roman Law, hence less absolutist IV. CONCLUSIONS A. 1000 - 1300, Dynamic period: changes created civilization which lasted til 19th^ C B Predominantly rural / agrarian economy w/ monied economy in towns B. Cultural revival led to: rediscovery of classical heritage (e.g., Aristotle), beginning of University as Urban educational institution, use of reason to systemize & harmonize theology & law C. gut-cutting Nobles sslllloooooowwwwllllyyyy evolving into "defenders of Christian society & womanhood @ D. Kings in a few kingdoms centralized power at expense of nobility Janet M. Fortner, Fall 2007

2^ Use by express permission only