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The structure and functions of the digestive system, including mechanical and enzymatic digestion, absorption, and elimination. It also covers the functions of nutrients as energy, builders, and regulators, and the recommended dietary allowances. Additionally, it addresses questions related to hormones, saliva, and fat. information on the importance of breast milk and the risks of replacing it with starch water. It also discusses the causes and treatment of obesity in children.
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So basically the digestive system: mechanical (movement of food in the digestive tract), its structure: the channel itself is like a long winding pipe from the esophagus to the anus, digestive glands and accessory organs.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM introduction and topography enzymatic (chemical) digestion, absorption and elimination (defecation),
So basically there are 2 nervous systems that innervate the digestive system, namely the nervous system peristalsis and enzyme secretion in the stomach - intestine then there is autonomic SS (mainly sympathetic HORMONE DIGESTIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM (PPT 12-18) Enteric plexus is a kind of intestinal nerve network (local in nature) especially to regulate and parasympathetic)
Q : On PPT slide 14 it says that gastrin secretes insulin and glucagon after eat, but why need to secrete glucagon, Mom? Instead of glucagon for Q : In ppt it has been explained that the hormone gastrin is a stimulating hormone we eat usually even rarely do activities immediately Lipolysis; fat breakdown. This occurs in adipose tissue breaks down muscle sugar so it can be broken down in metabolism into ATP? While when A : Glucagon will be used as a balancer, especially when eating foods that are gastric acid secretion. Does this hormone have a relationship with gerd disease, ma'am? Proteolysis; protein breakdown. This occurs in the muscles Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose levels so indeed the work between glucagon and insulin even though they are antagonists but they will work if yes, how does this hormone affect the disease? contain protein, the stimulus for glucagon secretion is a hypoglycemic condition or if side by side. A : Yes, that's right, excessive secretion of the hormone Gastrin (gastrin hormone is produced by G cells the concentration of amino acids drops in the blood after consumption of a protein-rich meal. Even so, consumption of foods rich in protein does not only stomach) can increase gastric acid secretion by parietal cells, of course this can cause GERD directly and indirectly. Example of gastric tumor. stimulates the release of the hormone glucagon but also the hormone insulin, Glucagon has the opposite effect to insulin, namely;
Basically it covers the mouth, teeth, tongue and luda, for the salivary glands then released he will spit well as well as when we open our mouths --> stretch and then quickly close our mouth again. Pay attention here
fat mechanical digestion begins to occur for all materials but new enzymatic on KH and QUESTION : The parotid on the cheek (largest) is prone to virus infection --> mumps, sublingua
Q : I often find my tongue is white, I scrape it and smell it a little rotten,
what makes my tongue white, ma'am? And then the rot indicates the development of bacteria on my tongue, ma'am?
A : Tongue is white (crusty) can be various reasons, especially: poor hygiene (because of not cleaning the tongue when eating a lot of food
bacteria. This infection can be local (only around the oral cavity) or it can be systemic like (baby or adult) or choking on normal food can come out through the nose. worry about Q: In the case of tonsil removal surgery, is there one way or is there another way? its ma'am? Did a sudden rebound effect from within make that happen? So, can kissing like that lead to death, ma'am? mention. Q : If someone has inflammation of the tonsils, is it possible to interfere with work 3 this only closes the oropharynx, it's disturbed but you can still breathe. then you should measles/pertussis cough. so here what needs to be considered is hygiene not only the baby has an epiglottis valve that opens and closes not strong enough, if it comes out through the nose it's okay but if maneuvers are carried out to spit out this food, the throat is pressed so it can't the sediment, for example coconut milk / milk, can also be due to infection, especially fungal infections and some itself (OROPHARYNX) and into the throat (LARINGOPHARYNX), so when we vomit food that is swallowed with a note if you swallow a large food (eg meatballs without A: So, mother, once explained this to you when it comes to the immune system, remember that tonsils are lymphoid organs A : Read the anatomy again, right? At the same time, you read pages 29-36, basically on the back nggih ma'am remember if the tonsils are removed are there other organs that replace the function A: yes, it must be disturbed, it can even get short of breath, if the degree of the tonsils is severe Q: Why is it that when a baby vomits it can spit food out of the nose branches namely the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx as you have explained? Like can identify along the digestive tract there are 6 valves chewed) can suppress the throat / bronchi that are in front of him so that if not secondary and secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes / lymph nodes brush your teeth but also rinse your mouth and clean your tongue if necessary after the food I have eaten goes into the throat then into the lungs can become pneumonia / pneumonia. the oral cavity is a confluence of 3 branches namely to the nose (NASOPHARYNX, to the mouth until it is called "kissing tonsils" the esophagus is very stretchy so it can accommodate the shape can breathe until death, if this one doesn't go straight to the nose, so be it from the tonsils themselves?
Still remember the relationship between food substances and caloric value? 1 gr KH, protein or fat? CARBOHYDRATE http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/product_ Hukum/PMK_No__28_Th_2019_ttg_Angka_Kecuku pan_Gizi_Yang_Dianjurkan_Untuk_Masyarakat_Indonesia.pdf So there are foodstuffs and nutrients, we divide nutrients into macro and micro. Harris Benedict's formula based on age, weight and height: 1 gram of fat contains about 9 calories, while 1 gram of carbohydrates and protein contains an average of 4 calories Then what slides need to pay attention to on page 5 is the 3 functions of nutrients as energy, builders and regulators --> this is often a misconception in textbooks https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/memahami-angka-sufficient-gizi-dan-cara-memenuhinya In Permenkes Number 28 of 2019 it is said that the average energy adequacy rate for Indonesian people is 2,100 kilo calories per person per day. Meanwhile, the average protein adequacy rate for Indonesian people is 57 grams per person per day. The RDA or recommended dietary allowances are the recommended nutritional adequacy, several factors including age, sex, activity, weight, height and pregnancy-breastfeeding. for example building not only protein alone Link for Determining Children's Nutrition: http://repository.litbang.kemkes.go.id/509/
Remember that there are two fats, animal fat and vegetable fat, so you can get fat, even if you are a vegetarian, not all amino acids that are only in animal protein will be found in vegetable protein.
Oncotic pressure, namely the pressure to maintain fluid to remain in the blood vessels. If the formation of albumin is disrupted, it will cause a decrease in oncotic pressure and eventually result in swelling or edema. And also this oncotic pressure keeps blood vessels from leaking / seeping. So some proteins are obtained from food (exogenous --> because our body is unable to make them) and some are endogenous (the body is able to synthesize its own protein). Prot is broken down into amino acids (peptide bonds to each other, so there are dipeptides/tripeptides). 10. Based on the needs and how the body gets it, we differentiate between essential/semi-essential/non-essential amino acids. So this protein is very useful. From many uses including in terms of immunity, protein also composes albumin --> special proteins that are useful for maintaining ONCOTIC pressure from the walls of blood vessels This is often a misconception in textbooks, namely about nutrient deficiency/PEM, lack of protein energy. Because of poverty, people usually tend to eat as long as they are full, we meet many children who are fed rice crackers, rice noodles or rice soy sauce without intake of protein, fat, minerals, vitamins. As a result of experiencing protein deficiency over time = KWASIORKHOR, remember that protein maintains oncotic pressure so that in kwasiorkor the characteristic signs are swelling, thin hair, dull skin, loose muscles (due to reduced muscle mass protein) and a decreased immune system so that frequent diarrhea, coughs and colds. If there is a lack of energy (calories), for example, in general, children eat but have a chronic disease or lack of food intake, called marasmus, usually anemia, wrinkled skin, faces like skulls (old people). If both occur, we call it marasmus kwasiorkor (KEP). So we call a deficiency of vitamin A night blindness/xerophthalmia --> remember again the function of vitamin A to form the pigment rhodopsin for night vision/ adaptation to low light so the child's eyesight is disturbed at dusk (turning of the night), besides that the cornea is fragile and easily torn until it crumbles = keratomalacia. If you are blind, it is not permanent, meaning that if you get a donor, the cornea can be cured. Then in def vit B (there is NUTRITION Does anyone know what oncotic pressure is used for? all blood circulation is directed to the digestive system so that the supply to the brain is reduced. But there is also a sufficient level of sufficiency, remember that glucose can also stimulate amphetamine adrenaline, so if you have ADHD or AUTIS and other hyperactive children, limit sugar consumption because sugar can trigger tantrums. When I consume too many eggs, pimples will appear, some people even have boils, etc. Does that include an allergic reaction, ma'am, even though this protein plays a role in immunity? These are two different things, right, remember the lecture on the immune system, so allergens are only in people who have hypersensitivity to a food component etc. Meanwhile, the proteins referred to in the immune system are mainly constituents of immunoglobulins (antibodies) and mediators of the immune response. If you have a severe egg allergy, it can be cured by desensitization, but you can also look for other protein sources that are not allergic.
ÿ Deficiency of calcium and phosphorus
