Cell Biology Study Questions and Answers for Optional Lecture Final Exam - Prof. James Cos | Study notes Biology

STUDY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR OPTIONAL LECTURE FINAL

Know the 3 main parts of a cell

The cell has a nucleus, a cell membrane, and the cytoplasm

Know the 2 energy converting organelles and where they are found

The 2 energy converting organelles are mitochondria and chloroplasts

Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of both animal and plant cells

Chloroplasts are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells

Know what process occurs in each of the above organelles

In mitochondria the second (Krebs cycle) and third (electron transport) steps of

cellular respiration occur

in chloroplasts the 2 steps (light reactions and Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis

occur

Know the difference between active and passive transport

Active transport is movement of material across the cell membrane that

Requires the use of energy – ATP

Examples are exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated pinocytosis

Transport by the sodium potassium pump against concentration gradients

Passive transport is movement of material across the cell membrane that

Does not require the use of energy

Examples are diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion all moving down

Concentration gradients

Know what a ribosome is and what its function is and where it is found in the cell

A ribosome is a organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that

Is the site of protein synthesis

It can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm

Know the differences between animal and plant cells

Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central vacuole, a cell wall and plasmodesmata

All of which are not found in animal cells

Plant and animal cells have the 3 main parts of a cell – nucleus, cytoplasm,

Cell membrane and the normal organelles

Know what the cytoskeleton is and what the 3 types of components are and what the

Function is

The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cell

It plays a major role in organizing the structures of the cell and it provides

Provides mechanical support to the cell and maintains its shape

The 3 components are microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

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STUDY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR OPTIONAL LECTURE FINAL

Know the 3 main parts of a cell The cell has a nucleus, a cell membrane, and the cytoplasm Know the 2 energy converting organelles and where they are found The 2 energy converting organelles are mitochondria and chloroplasts Mitochondria are found in the cytoplasm of both animal and plant cells Chloroplasts are found in the cytoplasm of plant cells Know what process occurs in each of the above organelles In mitochondria the second (Krebs cycle) and third (electron transport) steps of cellular respiration occur in chloroplasts the 2 steps (light reactions and Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis occur Know the difference between active and passive transport Active transport is movement of material across the cell membrane that Requires the use of energy – ATP Examples are exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated pinocytosis Transport by the sodium potassium pump against concentration gradients Passive transport is movement of material across the cell membrane that Does not require the use of energy Examples are diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion all moving down Concentration gradients Know what a ribosome is and what its function is and where it is found in the cell A ribosome is a organelle found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells that Is the site of protein synthesis It can be attached to endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm Know the differences between animal and plant cells Plant cells have chloroplasts, a central vacuole, a cell wall and plasmodesmata All of which are not found in animal cells Plant and animal cells have the 3 main parts of a cell – nucleus, cytoplasm, Cell membrane and the normal organelles Know what the cytoskeleton is and what the 3 types of components are and what the Function is The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers extending throughout the cell It plays a major role in organizing the structures of the cell and it provides Provides mechanical support to the cell and maintains its shape The 3 components are microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

Know the basic structure of the cell membrane and the components involved The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in the The membrane or attached to it The embedded proteins are called integral membrane proteins and the proteins Attached to the membrane are called peripheral membrane proteins Know the different types of junctions between animal cells and between plant cells Plant cells have plasmodesmata – channels connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent Plant cells Animal cells have tight junctions, desmosomes and gap junctions Know what ‘producers’ are Producers are organisms that can capture the energy in sunlight and convert it to Chemical energy and use this chemical energy to change carbon dioxide into Organic sugars Know the 4 basic types of biological molecules The 4 basic types of biological molecules are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins And nucleic acids Know the basic structure of the atom The atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons and an outer shell Containing electrons Know the different types of chemical bonds The 2 main types of chemical bonds are covalent bonds where electrons are shared and ionic bonds where electrons are transferred Know what an enzyme is and why it is important to the cell An enzyme is a protein which helps the cell carry out the many different reactions That occur in the cell by lowering the activation energy required for the Reaction to occur Know the 3 domains The 3 domains are bacteria, archaea and eukarya Know is the immediate product of the Calvin cycle The immediate product of the Calvin cycle is G3P – glyceraldehydes 3 phosphate Know what a thylakoid is and where it is A thylakoid is a membrane system found in chloroplasts that contains Chlorophyll Know where the sugar is made in photosynthesis The sugar is made in the Calvin cycle

Know what the DNA must do in order for replication to occur Unwind Know what type of RNA molecule is made from DNA Messenger RNA Know what the types of RNA are Messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) Know what the ‘cap and tail’ modifications are Cap and tail modifications are modifications of messenger RNA which occur in The nucleus after the RNA has been synthesized Know the 2 functions of transfer RNA Binding the amino acid and bringing it to the ribosome Reading the codon sequence in the messenger RNA and binding to it via the Anticodon sequence in the transfer RNA Know what things are needed to make a protein Ribosomes, messenger RNA, amino acids, transfer RNA Know what an ‘intron’ and an ‘exon’ are Introns are sequences of the messenger RNA which are removed in the nucleus And do not code for protein sequences Exons are sequences of the messenger RNA which are retained and exit the Nucleus and code for protein sequences in the cytoplasm Know what a promoter is A DNA sequence to which the RNA polymerase binds to start the process of RNA synthesis Know the evidence for descent with modification (evolution) Fossils, biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology Molecular biology Know what is the mechanism for descent with modification Natural selection Know the 2 important observations about natural selection All species produce excess numbers Variability exists in a population and much of it is heritable Know what causes adaptive evolution Natural selection

Know the sources of genetic variation Mutations and sexual recombinations Know the Hardy-Weinberg formula All frequencies of all genotypes must equal one Know the 5 kingdoms Animals, plants, fungi, protists, monera Know what is one of the best sources of info about phylogenetic relationships Homologous structures Know what the cladistic revolution was Computer analysis in search for distinct branches of the evolutionary tree Know the 4 stage hypothesis for the origin of life Abiotic synthesis of organic molecules Abiotic synthesis of polymers Origin of self-replicating molecules Formation of pre-cells Know the prezygotic barriers to species formation Temporal isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Mating – mechanical isolation

gametic isolation know what allopatric speciation is geographic barriers physically isolate a splinter population and genetic drift and natural selection work know what punctuated equilibrium is species most often diverge in spurts of rapid change then stay the same for long periods know the difference between the exponential growth model and the logistic growth model for population growth the exponential growth model assumes an ideal unlimited environment the logistic growth model brings in the reality of a limited environment and the existence of population limiting factors know what is meant by ‘carrying capacity’ number of individuals in a population an environment can maintain

Cell Biology Study Questions and Answers for Optional Lecture Final Exam - Prof. James Cos, Study notes of Biology

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Download Cell Biology Study Questions and Answers for Optional Lecture Final Exam - Prof. James Cos and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

STUDY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR OPTIONAL LECTURE FINAL