Muscles
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Muscles: Structure, Function, and Organization - Prof. Amy C. Skypala, Study notes of Physiology
An in-depth exploration of muscles, their functions, organization, and attachments. Topics include muscle fibers, motor units, neuromuscular junction, and muscle contractions. Understand the roles of prime movers, synergists, and antagonists, as well as the differences between isometric and isotonic contractions. Learn about the various types of muscle fibers and their attachments, and gain insights into the functions of the neuromuscular junction and neuromuscular toxins.
Typology: Study notes
2009/2010
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Muscles
Functions
- (^) Movement—respiration, digestion, birth
- (^) Body openings—light, food, waste
- (^) Stability—joints, posture
- (^) Communication—smiles, frowns, writing, speech
- (^) Heat production
Organization
- (^) Epimysium grades smoothly into CT sheets called FASCIAE.
- (^) Fasciae connect muscles to each other (no fat) and to the skin above (hypodermis=superficial fasica)
Anatomy
- (^) Examining orientation of fasicles can be informative as to muscle strength/function - (^) Fusiform (ex bicep, thick in middle and thin at ends)-- strongest - (^) Parallel (rectus abdominis, straplike), can shorten the most but less strong - (^) Convergent (pectoralis major, fanlike), pretty strong – lots of strength focused on small pt. - (^) Pennate (muscles of hand – featherlike) - (^) Circular (eyelids, sphincters – circular)
Skeletal Muscle Shapes
Muscle Movement
- (^) Prime mover (agonist) – its force produces the action
- (^) Synergist – helps the prime mover (increase power, stablize, restrict, or modify)
- (^) Antagonist – opposes prime mover (moderates speed, flexion and extention)
- (^) Fixator – hold a bone still allow other attached muscles to function
Muscle Tissue
- (^) Responsiveness -- electrically excitable to stimuli
- (^) Conductivity – waves of electrical excitation
- (^) Contractility – shorten to stimulation
- (^) Extensibility -- stretchy
- (^) Elasticity – recoils back
Myofilaments
- (^) Sets of protein rods make up myofibrils
- (^) Each rod is a myofilament
- (^) Thick filaments – myosin
- (^) Thin filaments – actin whose active sites are blocked by tropomyosin at rest. Tropomyosin associated with troponin that binds with Ca
- (^) Elastic filaments – made of springy tintin, stablizes, places, and anchors thick filaments