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Test 3 Study Guide Material Type: Notes; Professor: Felender; Class: General Psychology; University: Fullerton College; Term: Spring 2011;
Typology: Study notes
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Dr. Julie Felender
Blue font means this is college level vocabulary that is relevant to any college course (not just psychology). Each term’s definition also is in blue. Sometimes I’m giving simple definitions (that is, they are not written using college level vocabulary) and sometimes they are written with higher level vocabulary. Purple font indicates a study tip. Pink indicates a word in the English language known by most educated people. If you aren’t yet familiar with it, look it up.
Where does this information come from? Txt = From assigned textbook pages. Lec = From lecture. Both = From both the textbook and lectures. Im = From your imagination. How do I find the information, once I know where it comes from? RT = It’s stated R ight T here; it’s stated in one simple area. PiT = P ull i t T ogether from many parts; figure it out from reading several areas. A&M = A uthor & M e. Use what the author has written or said, and then based on that, use your own experience to figure out something. Dictionary = If you don’t know what the word means, look it up.
Sample Questions 1E. Operant Conditioning conditions behaviors that are produced by the a. Autonomic Nervous System. b. Somatic Nervous System. 1F. The Somatic Nervous System produces a. voluntary movement. b. emotions. c. mental responses. d. physiological responses. 1G. Operant Conditioning conditions a. voluntary movement. b. emotions. c. mental responses. d. physiological responses. 1H. Operant conditioning conditions behaviors such as a. anger, jealousy, joy and excitement. b. rapid heart beat, higher blood pressure. c. A and B both are correct. d. surfing, jumping, swearing and punching. 1I. Classical conditioning conditions the a. autonomic nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. 1J. The ANS produces a. physiological responses. b. mental responses. c. voluntary observable actions. 1K. Schachter & Singer said that emotions are made of cognition and a. a change in the somatic nervous system. b. a change in the ANS. c. a change in physiological responses. d. b and c both are correct because they pretty much say the same thing. 1L. Classical Conditioning conditions a. emotions and movement. b. emotions and physiological responses. c. physiological responses and movement. 1M. Whose theory focuses on the same part of the nervous system as does Classical Conditioning? a. Schacter’s & Singer’s b. Lazarus’ For the next 3 questions, use the following answers : a. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning. 1N. If Mr. Redneck feels prejudiced feelings against 12-legged aliens, these feelings are acquired through ____________. 1O. You don’t care if your son enjoys washing the dishes; you just want him to do it. Which conditioning would be used to get him to wash
2G. Who taught a child to fear white furry mice? a. Thorndike b. Lazarus c. Watson d. Pavlov e. Skinner 2H. Watson is famous for a. measuring how much animals salivate when fed. b. training animals to salivate. c. training animals to salivate to something new. d. teaching a child to feel fear to something new.
b) Define “extinction” in Classical Conditioning. (Lec & Text) Sample Questions 4C. Which of the following would be an example of “extinction” in Operant Conditioning? a. You yell at Randy every time he yells. b. We no longer give “the salivating dog” meat powder when the bell is rung. c. We take away whatever Randy was getting that was motivating him to yell. For the next 3 questions use this story: Ella used to enjoy dancing with Stephen; they used to have a lot of fun. Now, though, Stephen does nothing but complain, and it isn’t fun anymore. I think she’s getting tired of Stephen. And use these answers: a. Stimulus Discrimination, in operant conditioning. b. Stimulus Discrimination, in classical conditioning. c. extinction, in operant conditioning. d. extinction, in classical conditioning. 4D. When Ella used to go dancing it was fun. Now she goes dancing and it isn’t fun. This is an example of _______ 4E. Ella used to enjoy Stephen but now doesn’t because the fun is gone; this shows _____ 4F. Now, Ella enjoys dancing with Charles but not Stephen. Her enjoyment with one man but not the other shows 4G. When Junior throws a tantrum, you give in half of the time, but it’s hard for him to tell when you’ll say yes and when you’ll say no. Reinforcing him half the time and without any set pattern a. teaches him he’ll get what he wants half of the time. b. makes it harder to break the habit, because he is already used to not getting his way some of the time; it will take him longer to realize he really isn’t going to get his way, at all, anymore. c. a and b are both correct. d. teaches him not to do the behavior.
6H. The Realistic Conflict Theory says that stereotypes have a small grain of realistic truth to them, and this small truth leads to conflict between groups. A. True B. False 6I. The results of the famous Robbers Cave study suggest that friendly competition between groups (such as in an athletic competition) is the best way to reduce inter-group conflict. A. True B. False
c. most of our behaviors are motivated by unconscious forces. d. we sometimes do awful things when we don’t know how to get our needs met in a better way. e. we need to get rid of our “shoulds”. 7J. The Drive Reduction theory of motivation a. explains why we eat even thought we’re full, or why we stay up late when we need to study. b. would point out that thrill seeking could increase ANS arousal. c. says motivation comes from genetically programmed impulses. d. explains why we might buy a new car. e. explains why we sit in the shade on a scorching hot day. 7K. Who has a theory of motivation that says we are basically good, and if we make mistakes it’s because we didn’t know a better way to get our needs met? a. Freud. b. Erikson. c. Thorndike. d. Maslow. e. Skinner.
9B. A main point of Snarsch is that a. a good marriage should feel peaceful. b. men and women who have traditional roles tend to have better marriages. c. it’s extremely normal for a married couple to disagree. d. couples need to learn to compromise.
a. Thorndike & Ellis b. Watson & Ellis c. Ellis & Rogers d. Thorndike & Rogers
c) State what each of the above psychologists would most likely advise, if we want to continue to view our spouses in a positive light. (Lec) (PiT/A&M) Sample Questions 11D. Which of the following has a theory that is LEAST likely to focus on viewing our spouses in a positive light especially when the spouse does something “yucky”? a. Schacter & Singer b. Lazarus. c. Maslow. d. Rogers. e. Ellis. 11E. Which of the following has a theory that would MOST likely say this: “Your spouse isn’t making you angry; you’re making yourself angry by how you think of your spouse.”? a. Schacter & Singer b. Lazarus. c. Ellis. d. B & C both e. Maslow. 11F. Ellis would say a. people are happier when they have many clear rules to live by. b. people are happier when they discard unnecessary rules they live by. c. marriages could be happier if we hold our spouse to our many rules and high expectations. 11G. According to a large body of research, which of the following seems least related to being happy? a. Loving oneself no matter what. b. Respecting others no matter what. c. Getting rid of “shoulds”. d. Having a lot of great possessions. 11H. Your spouse has cheated on you. You’re angry and hurt, but you do want to stay married. Still, you so much want to criticize and judge. Rogers might advise you to remember that shame a. can lead a person to hide their mistakes from themselves. b. can strongly punish unwanted behavior.
main perspective of each. (Lec) (RT) Sample Questions 13D. Personality is defined as a. the reasons why I do things. b. my emotions, physiological responses, voluntary observable actions, thinking and information processing. c. my behaviors that make me different than others, but that are fairly consistent over time. d. the ten voices in my head. 13E. Generally, psychologists tend to agree that personality cannot change. a. True b. False 13F. Psychological research suggests that some parts of personality can change and some parts of personality cannot change. a. True b. False 13G. Generally, psychologists agree we cannot change our emotions. a. True b. False 13H. Generally speaking, which has a strong influence on our personalities? a. Our personal experiences. b. Our genetic makeup. c. Our biological makeup. d. a, b and c all have a strong influence on us. 13I. Some psychologists believe that humans are loving by genetic nature. They believe a child, left alone, would turn out self-confident and caring about others. Thus, they believe that to help someone who is unhappy, we may need to help that person find his or her own natural way of being. This perspective is called a. Humanistic b. Behavioral/Learning c. Psychodynamic 13J. ______ theories explain personality by examining how others shape us. They focus on how we learn by observing others and on how those in our environment reinforce and punish us for acting a certain way. a. Psychodynamic b. Behavioral/Learning c. Humanistic 13K. Generally, behavioral psychologists believe a. humans are born with some destructive tendencies; thus there never will be lasting world peace. b. we have a lot of control and influence in our own lives. We have free choice and free will. c. our personalities are determined not by ourselves but by outside forces such as parents.
d. not trying to change what someone else feels. 16G. Your child does something really, really bad. Not only will you punish your child by withdrawing privileges, you’re also tempted to criticize and judge. Rogers might advise you that shame a. can lead a person to hide their mistakes from themselves. b. can strongly punish unwanted behavior. c. is necessary to change behavior. 16H. Little Christopher spit at his little sister when she yelled at him. Carl Rogers’ ideas suggest that a parent would be wise to a. let Chris spit; in other words, Rogers would say you should accept Chris’ behavior without punishment. b. let little sister yell; in other words, Rogers would say you should accept her voluntary behavior observable actions without punishment. c. accept that the kids are angry with each other, and help them deal with it maturely. Behavioral/Learning Theories of Personality