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GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY – STUDY GUIDE FOR TEST 3
Dr. Julie Felender
Color Key:
Blue font means this is college level vocabulary that is relevant to any college course (not just psychology). Each term’s definition also is in blue. Sometimes I’m giving simple definitions (that is, they are not written using college level vocabulary) and sometimes they are written with higher level vocabulary. Purple font indicates a study tip. Pink indicates a word in the English language known by most educated people. If you aren’t yet familiar with it, look it up.
Abbreviation Key:
Where does this information come from? Txt = From assigned textbook pages. Lec = From lecture. Both = From both the textbook and lectures. Im = From your imagination. How do I find the information, once I know where it comes from? RT = It’s stated R ight T here; it’s stated in one simple area. PiT = P ull i t T ogether from many parts; figure it out from reading several areas. A&M = A uthor & M e. Use what the author has written or said, and then based on that, use your own experience to figure out something. Dictionary = If you don’t know what the word means, look it up.
LEARNING THEORIES:
OPERANT & CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (OC & CC) &
SOCIAL COGNITIVE (LEARNING) THEORY (SCT)
Conditioning & the Nervous System
- a) State the part of the nervous system that is conditioned by Operant Conditioning. (Lec & Yellow Packet assigned pages) (RT) b) State the part of the nervous system that is conditioned by Classical Conditioning. (Lec & Yellow packet assigned pages) (RT) c) State which of the four behaviors is conditioned by Operant Conditioning. (Lec) (RT) d) State which of the four behaviors is conditioned by Operant Conditioning. (Lec) (RT)
Sample Questions 1E. Operant Conditioning conditions behaviors that are produced by the a. Autonomic Nervous System. b. Somatic Nervous System. 1F. The Somatic Nervous System produces a. voluntary movement. b. emotions. c. mental responses. d. physiological responses. 1G. Operant Conditioning conditions a. voluntary movement. b. emotions. c. mental responses. d. physiological responses. 1H. Operant conditioning conditions behaviors such as a. anger, jealousy, joy and excitement. b. rapid heart beat, higher blood pressure. c. A and B both are correct. d. surfing, jumping, swearing and punching. 1I. Classical conditioning conditions the a. autonomic nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. 1J. The ANS produces a. physiological responses. b. mental responses. c. voluntary observable actions. 1K. Schachter & Singer said that emotions are made of cognition and a. a change in the somatic nervous system. b. a change in the ANS. c. a change in physiological responses. d. b and c both are correct because they pretty much say the same thing. 1L. Classical Conditioning conditions a. emotions and movement. b. emotions and physiological responses. c. physiological responses and movement. 1M. Whose theory focuses on the same part of the nervous system as does Classical Conditioning? a. Schacter’s & Singer’s b. Lazarus’ For the next 3 questions, use the following answers : a. Operant conditioning b. Classical conditioning. 1N. If Mr. Redneck feels prejudiced feelings against 12-legged aliens, these feelings are acquired through ____________. 1O. You don’t care if your son enjoys washing the dishes; you just want him to do it. Which conditioning would be used to get him to wash
2G. Who taught a child to fear white furry mice? a. Thorndike b. Lazarus c. Watson d. Pavlov e. Skinner 2H. Watson is famous for a. measuring how much animals salivate when fed. b. training animals to salivate. c. training animals to salivate to something new. d. teaching a child to feel fear to something new.
OC & CC Stimulus Generalization & Discrimination
- Describe stimulus a) generalization in Operant Conditioning (Lec & Txt) (A&M) b) discrimination in Operant Conditioning (Lec & Text) (A&M) c) generalization in Classical Conditioning (CC) (Lec & Text) (A&M) d) discrimination in Classical Conditioning (Lec & Text) (A&M) Sample Questions For the following questions, use these answers: a. Stimulus generalization , operant conditioning. b. Stimulus generalization , classica l conditioning. c. Stimulus discrimination, operant conditioning. d. Stimulus discrimination, classical conditioning. (Please note: the different fonts aren’t hints; they’re just to help you find words.) 3E. Paula feels angry when her mother nags her, but not when her best friend nags her. This shows ____________ 3F. While dating Rick, I go to his hockey games and have fun. Now I go to Ducks games, too (another hockey team). Going to watch the Ducks after watching Rick is __________ 3G. Alice is afraid of her ex-boyfriend but not afraid of other men. Her lack of fear of other men is an example of ___________
OC & CC Extinction
- a) Define “extinction” in Operant Conditioning. (Lec & Text)
b) Define “extinction” in Classical Conditioning. (Lec & Text) Sample Questions 4C. Which of the following would be an example of “extinction” in Operant Conditioning? a. You yell at Randy every time he yells. b. We no longer give “the salivating dog” meat powder when the bell is rung. c. We take away whatever Randy was getting that was motivating him to yell. For the next 3 questions use this story: Ella used to enjoy dancing with Stephen; they used to have a lot of fun. Now, though, Stephen does nothing but complain, and it isn’t fun anymore. I think she’s getting tired of Stephen. And use these answers: a. Stimulus Discrimination, in operant conditioning. b. Stimulus Discrimination, in classical conditioning. c. extinction, in operant conditioning. d. extinction, in classical conditioning. 4D. When Ella used to go dancing it was fun. Now she goes dancing and it isn’t fun. This is an example of _______ 4E. Ella used to enjoy Stephen but now doesn’t because the fun is gone; this shows _____ 4F. Now, Ella enjoys dancing with Charles but not Stephen. Her enjoyment with one man but not the other shows 4G. When Junior throws a tantrum, you give in half of the time, but it’s hard for him to tell when you’ll say yes and when you’ll say no. Reinforcing him half the time and without any set pattern a. teaches him he’ll get what he wants half of the time. b. makes it harder to break the habit, because he is already used to not getting his way some of the time; it will take him longer to realize he really isn’t going to get his way, at all, anymore. c. a and b are both correct. d. teaches him not to do the behavior.
Operant Conditioning & Types of Consequences
- a) State the 2 types of consequences discussed in lecture, and define each. (Lec & Txt) (RT) Sample Questions 5B. I write study guides on a Sunday afternoon because it reduces my stress to have it done, and I feel good. Feeling good when I done
6H. The Realistic Conflict Theory says that stereotypes have a small grain of realistic truth to them, and this small truth leads to conflict between groups. A. True B. False 6I. The results of the famous Robbers Cave study suggest that friendly competition between groups (such as in an athletic competition) is the best way to reduce inter-group conflict. A. True B. False
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MOTIVATION – most of this material is from the textbook.
- a) Define “motivation.” (txt) (PiT) b) Define “instinct”. (txt) (RT) State two reasons why Instinct Theory no longer is considered useful or valid. (txt) (RT) c) State, according to Drive Reduction Theory, what causes motivation. (txt) (RT/PiT) d) Give an example of Drive Reduction Theory. Give an example of motivation that would NOT be explained by Drive Reduction Theory (txt) (A&M) e) State how the Arousal Theory of Motivation explains motivation. (txt) (RT) State the interesting personality style whose behavior seems to be explained by this theory. (txt) (RT) f) Describe Maslow’s Theory of Motivation. (txt & Lec) (RT) State a main criticism of the theory. (txt) (RT) State Dr. Felender’s criticism of the criticism! (Lec) (RT) Explain how advertisers use the theory (txt) (RT) Sample Questions 7G. Psychologists in the United States tend to agree that most of our behaviors are controlled by instincts. A. True B. False 7H. Who is famous for creating the Hierarchy of Needs? a. Freud b. Maslow c. Ainsworth. d. Rogers. e. Thorndike. 7I. A main point of the Hierarchy of Needs is that a. there really are evil people, and for them to stop, the evil behavior needs to be harshly punished. b. all humans need punishment and reinforcements in order to learn.
c. most of our behaviors are motivated by unconscious forces. d. we sometimes do awful things when we don’t know how to get our needs met in a better way. e. we need to get rid of our “shoulds”. 7J. The Drive Reduction theory of motivation a. explains why we eat even thought we’re full, or why we stay up late when we need to study. b. would point out that thrill seeking could increase ANS arousal. c. says motivation comes from genetically programmed impulses. d. explains why we might buy a new car. e. explains why we sit in the shade on a scorching hot day. 7K. Who has a theory of motivation that says we are basically good, and if we make mistakes it’s because we didn’t know a better way to get our needs met? a. Freud. b. Erikson. c. Thorndike. d. Maslow. e. Skinner.
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MARRIAGE
Gottman’s Findings - this material is from LECTURE.
- Regarding Gottman’s research, a) list the main factors associated with divorce. Then state the most important factor. b) list the main factors associated with marital happiness. State the most important variable. c) state the relationship between marital happiness and arguing styles (the connection) d) Dr. Felender addressed a “time-line” of dating and marriage. Explain how it relates to divorce or marital happiness. e) State the main thing a wife can do to help her marriage if her husband withdraws during an argument. State an important facial expression a husband should never express to his wife. f) State the percent of couples’ marital problems that cannot go away. Explain why they cannot. Sample Questions 8G. Regarding arguing styles, Gottman has found that the happiest
9B. A main point of Snarsch is that a. a good marriage should feel peaceful. b. men and women who have traditional roles tend to have better marriages. c. it’s extremely normal for a married couple to disagree. d. couples need to learn to compromise.
Marriage & Unconditional Positive Regard - this material is from
LECTURE.
- a) Define Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR). Also, say what UPR is NOT. (Lec) (RT) b) State who is famous for studying UPR. (Both) (RT) c) State who studied UPR but by a different name. d) State the advantages of UPR. (Lec) (RT) Sample Questions 10E. Based on her knowledge of psychological studies and theories, Dr. Felender argues that we may have a happier marriage if we a. learn to love ourselves no matter what. b. can take criticism without becoming hostile, depressed or ‘victim-y”. c. love ourselves even when we’ve done something “wrong”. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 10F. Ashley loves herself unconditionally. Briana does not love herself unconditionally. Both young women make a really bad mistake in a friendship. Which of the following is more likely to be true about their responses to their mistakes? a. Ashley will be focused on how to fix the mistake; Briana will be focused on her own shame. b. Ashley and Briana will feel equally ashamed. 10G. Most people try to avoid feeling shame. In fact, one very common way we do this is by fooling ourselves about our own behavior. In other words, we often avoid shame by convincing ourselves what we did was good, or justified, or “not my fault”. Who would be more likely to need to fool herself about her own behavior? a. Ashley (from question 10F) b. Briana 10H. If a wife feels unconditional positive regard for herself, she would be _______ likely to feel defensive during an argument. a. more b. less 10I. Some psychologists argue that a person can be less defensive, more loving and also happier if the person feels comfortable with him or herself after making a mistake. Which theorists would be most likely to address and believe this?
a. Thorndike & Ellis b. Watson & Ellis c. Ellis & Rogers d. Thorndike & Rogers
Marriage & Viewing Our Spouse in a Positive Light
- a) Using the information about the dating/marriage/arguing time-line, state a common reason we often end up seeing even the most wonderful partner in a negative light. (Lec) (PiT) b) State how this relates to the most common reason for divorce. (Lec) (A&M)
Names: Ellis; Lazarus; Maslow; Rogers ;
c) State what each of the above psychologists would most likely advise, if we want to continue to view our spouses in a positive light. (Lec) (PiT/A&M) Sample Questions 11D. Which of the following has a theory that is LEAST likely to focus on viewing our spouses in a positive light especially when the spouse does something “yucky”? a. Schacter & Singer b. Lazarus. c. Maslow. d. Rogers. e. Ellis. 11E. Which of the following has a theory that would MOST likely say this: “Your spouse isn’t making you angry; you’re making yourself angry by how you think of your spouse.”? a. Schacter & Singer b. Lazarus. c. Ellis. d. B & C both e. Maslow. 11F. Ellis would say a. people are happier when they have many clear rules to live by. b. people are happier when they discard unnecessary rules they live by. c. marriages could be happier if we hold our spouse to our many rules and high expectations. 11G. According to a large body of research, which of the following seems least related to being happy? a. Loving oneself no matter what. b. Respecting others no matter what. c. Getting rid of “shoulds”. d. Having a lot of great possessions. 11H. Your spouse has cheated on you. You’re angry and hurt, but you do want to stay married. Still, you so much want to criticize and judge. Rogers might advise you to remember that shame a. can lead a person to hide their mistakes from themselves. b. can strongly punish unwanted behavior.
main perspective of each. (Lec) (RT) Sample Questions 13D. Personality is defined as a. the reasons why I do things. b. my emotions, physiological responses, voluntary observable actions, thinking and information processing. c. my behaviors that make me different than others, but that are fairly consistent over time. d. the ten voices in my head. 13E. Generally, psychologists tend to agree that personality cannot change. a. True b. False 13F. Psychological research suggests that some parts of personality can change and some parts of personality cannot change. a. True b. False 13G. Generally, psychologists agree we cannot change our emotions. a. True b. False 13H. Generally speaking, which has a strong influence on our personalities? a. Our personal experiences. b. Our genetic makeup. c. Our biological makeup. d. a, b and c all have a strong influence on us. 13I. Some psychologists believe that humans are loving by genetic nature. They believe a child, left alone, would turn out self-confident and caring about others. Thus, they believe that to help someone who is unhappy, we may need to help that person find his or her own natural way of being. This perspective is called a. Humanistic b. Behavioral/Learning c. Psychodynamic 13J. ______ theories explain personality by examining how others shape us. They focus on how we learn by observing others and on how those in our environment reinforce and punish us for acting a certain way. a. Psychodynamic b. Behavioral/Learning c. Humanistic 13K. Generally, behavioral psychologists believe a. humans are born with some destructive tendencies; thus there never will be lasting world peace. b. we have a lot of control and influence in our own lives. We have free choice and free will. c. our personalities are determined not by ourselves but by outside forces such as parents.
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality
- a) State 3 famous psychodynamic theorists. (txt) (RT) b) State the part of the mind that Freud emphasized that Rogers, Maslow, and Skinner did not. (Lec) (PiT) c) State the name of Freud’s theory. (Lec) (RT) d) Briefly, state the function (role; job) of the (Both) (RT)
- Id
- Ego
- Superego e) Briefly discuss the psychosexual stages of development, including the main point of them. f) State 2 main criticisms of Freud’s theory. (txt) (RT) Sample Questions 14G. Freud’s entire theory (not just part of it) is called a. Psychoanalytic or Psychodynamic Theory. b. Psychosexual Theory. c. Just plain Psycho. 14H. A main point of the Psychosexual Theory of development is that a. the way our parents treat us will influence our later personalities. b. the way our parents treat us can lead energy to get “stuck” on certain parts of the body. c. a and b both are correct. d. children’s personalities do not take on any sexual characteristics until we enter puberty. 14I. In Psychoanalytic theory, which part of the mind helps us deal with reality as well as our desires? a. The Id. b. The Ego. c. The Superego. 14J. In Psychoanalytic theory, the “Id” a. helps us feel proud of ourselves. b. makes us feel ashamed. c. can motivate us to kill ourselves or hurt others. d. is our values. e. None of the above. 14K. One of the most astonishing parts of the Psychosexual Theory of development is that a. it was first thought of during the Roman Empire. b. it asserts that 5 year olds want to have intercourse with their parents. c. it explains why the Victorian Era was so much more conservative, sexually, than our current era. d. it is based on the Pythagorean theory of triangles. e. None of the above.
d. not trying to change what someone else feels. 16G. Your child does something really, really bad. Not only will you punish your child by withdrawing privileges, you’re also tempted to criticize and judge. Rogers might advise you that shame a. can lead a person to hide their mistakes from themselves. b. can strongly punish unwanted behavior. c. is necessary to change behavior. 16H. Little Christopher spit at his little sister when she yelled at him. Carl Rogers’ ideas suggest that a parent would be wise to a. let Chris spit; in other words, Rogers would say you should accept Chris’ behavior without punishment. b. let little sister yell; in other words, Rogers would say you should accept her voluntary behavior observable actions without punishment. c. accept that the kids are angry with each other, and help them deal with it maturely. Behavioral/Learning Theories of Personality
- a) State the 3 theories that comprise (make up) the Behavioral/Learning Theories of how we get our personalities. (Lec) (RT) Sample Question 17B. Which of the following is a Behavioral/Learning Theory of Personality? a. Piaget’s Cognitive Theory. b. Erikson’s Psycho-Social Theory. c. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning. d. Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning. e. c and d both are correct. FOR TEST 3, STUDY THE MATERIAL FOR TESTS #1 & #
