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Study guide for Exam 1 - Introduction to Environmental Science | ENV 101, Exams of Environmental Science

Northern Michigan UniversityEnvironmental Science
Prof. Richard H. Eathorne

Material Type: Exam; Professor: Eathorne; Class: Intro Environmental Science; Subject: Environmental Science; University: Northern Michigan University; Term: Winter 2011;

Typology: Exams

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ENV 101 Introduction to Environmental Science
Study Guide for Exam 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3
Here are 100 review questions and a list of “key terms and concepts” (understanding the key terms and
concepts will help you greatly in being able to answer the questions). I will select 50 of these exact questions
and put them on the exam, with A, B, C, D answer choices. If you answer these review questions you should
have no problem getting an A on the first exam! Please see me if you have any problems finding the answers
in the text, PowerPoint slides or your notes on my lectures / films.
1. Environmental science is a __________.
A. Narrowly defined set of physical, life and social sciences
B. Theoretical approach in interpreting the environment
C. Way to see the world in scientific terms
D. Systematic approach in learning about the environment
E. A crazy cult that sacrifices bunnies to the Earth gods in a pagan ritual every summer solstice
2. Most environmental problems result from
A. Excessive pollution
B. Complex, interrelated problems
C. Technological development problems
D. Global warming
E. NMU college students on Thirsty Thursdays
3. The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the
A. History of the use of natural resources
B. Diversity of life on Earth
C. Human impact on the Earth
D. Pollution on the Earth
E. Future use of natural resources
4. In explaining your choice of an environmental science major in college to your roommate, you would
probably emphasize the fact that environmental science is a(n)
A. Applied interdisciplinary field with an emphasis on solving problems
B. Well-established field that has been in existence for a long time
C. Theoretical discipline that will help solve the problems created by human impact
D. Relatively new field that will identify remedies to environmental issues
E. Theoretical field with an emphasis on scientific understanding
5. One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is the
A. Current ability to alter the natural world through technology
B. Relatively new emergence of environmentalists
C. Historical ignorance of the interconnected nature of environmental issues
D. Development of new fields such as environmental science
E. Extremely fast transmission of information through the Internet
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Download Study guide for Exam 1 - Introduction to Environmental Science | ENV 101 and more Exams Environmental Science in PDF only on Docsity!

ENV 101 Introduction to Environmental Science

Study Guide for Exam 1: Chapters 1, 2, 3

Here are 100 review questions and a list of “key terms and concepts” (understanding the key terms and concepts will help you greatly in being able to answer the questions). I will select 50 of these exact questions and put them on the exam, with A, B, C, D answer choices. If you answer these review questions you should have no problem getting an A on the first exam! Please see me if you have any problems finding the answers in the text, PowerPoint slides or your notes on my lectures / films.

  1. Environmental science is a __________. A. Narrowly defined set of physical, life and social sciences B. Theoretical approach in interpreting the environment C. Way to see the world in scientific terms D. Systematic approach in learning about the environment E. A crazy cult that sacrifices bunnies to the Earth gods in a pagan ritual every summer solstice
  2. Most environmental problems result from A. Excessive pollution B. Complex, interrelated problems C. Technological development problems D. Global warming E. NMU college students on Thirsty Thursdays
  3. The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the A. History of the use of natural resources B. Diversity of life on Earth C. Human impact on the Earth D. Pollution on the Earth E. Future use of natural resources
  4. In explaining your choice of an environmental science major in college to your roommate, you would probably emphasize the fact that environmental science is a(n) A. Applied interdisciplinary field with an emphasis on solving problems B. Well-established field that has been in existence for a long time C. Theoretical discipline that will help solve the problems created by human impact D. Relatively new field that will identify remedies to environmental issues E. Theoretical field with an emphasis on scientific understanding
  5. One major difference affecting the scope of environmental issues of the past and present is the A. Current ability to alter the natural world through technology B. Relatively new emergence of environmentalists C. Historical ignorance of the interconnected nature of environmental issues D. Development of new fields such as environmental science E. Extremely fast transmission of information through the Internet
  1. The history of conservation and environmentalism is A. Based in the Industrial Revolution B. Largely unrecorded C. A relatively new movement D. Based in the 1970s environmental movement E. Traceable well back into human history
  2. Pragmatic conservationists, including Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt, supported forest conservation in order to protect A. Wildlife habitats in forested areas B. Untouched, unvisited wilderness areas C. Jobs and homes for people D. The scenic beauty found in natural areas E. Resources such as natural habitats for future generations
  3. Utilitarian conservationists tend to believe that resources should be saved because they are important A. As a home for wildlife B. In the conservation of aesthetic values C. To our understanding of the biosphere D. For a strong economic system E. And used by all living things
  4. The approach that reflects the philosophy that there is waste in neglecting the development and use of certain natural resources (such as dead trees in old growth forests) would best be described as A. Moral and aesthetic preservation B. Global environmental citizenship C. Pragmatic resource conservation D. A cornucopian worldview E. Global environmental citizenship
  5. Biocentric preservationists, first led by John Muir, advocate saving natural areas for their A. Beauty and wildlife habitat B. Hunting and fishing value C. Wood and mineral resources for the future D. Tourism and recreation potential E. Economic value in cleaning the air and preventing soil erosion
  6. Biocentric preservation is a philosophy that supports the belief that A. The biosphere is a central resource for humans B. Humans must manage resources for maximum productivity C. Preservation of wildlife is needed for human survival D. All living things have an equal footing in the biosphere E. All living things have value for humans
  7. The National Park Service reflects a ________ approach while the Forest Service reflects a ________ approach. A. Biocentric preservationist; pragmatic resource conservationist B. Global environmentalist; cornucopian C. Pragmatic resource conservationist; moral and aesthetic preservationist D. Cornucopian; global environmentalist E. Pragmatic utilitarian conservation; biocentric preservation
  1. One way to decrease the size of our ecological footprint is to A. Decrease consumption rates B. Increase consumption rates C. Increase the development in the region D. Reduce the size of a biologically productive area in the region E. None of these, it is not possible to change the size of an ecological footprint
  2. The world's poorest people _______________ environmental degradation. A. Cause the most B. Cause and suffer from C. Are unaffected by D. Don't really care about E. Are ignorant of
  3. In general, as per capita GDP rises both _____ and _____ increases. A. Infant mortality; life expectancy B. Percentage of safe drinking water; rate of infectious diseases C. Infant mortality; adult literacy D. Percentage of safe drinking water; adult literacy E. Birth rate; percentage of safe drinking water
  4. Proponents of sustainable development argue that A. All development has environmental costs B. Development is less important than the environment C. Development can proceed with minimal costs to the environment D. The environment is less important than development E. Development does not cause environmental damage
  5. Sustainable development, ideally, improves living conditions A. For a few decades into the future B. For the entire current political administration C. As long as resources last D. For generations in the future E. For the present generation
  6. Sustainable development differs from traditional economic development in that it emphasizes economic development in the A. Short term B. Long term C. Present D. Past E. Present and past
  7. _________________ is a process for producing knowledge methodically and logically. A. Universalism B. Science C. Relativism D. Morality E. Parsimony
  1. Which of the following is not an important feature of science? A. Reproducibility B. Parsimony C. Empiricism D. Positive proof E. All are important
  2. Proof in science is always A. Firmly established B. Beyond question C. An impossible goal D. Changing very quickly E. Open to question or new evidence
  3. The statement, "Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs." is an example of A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Hypothesis testing D. Reductive reasoning E. Parsimony
  4. Of the following statements and questions, which is the best example of deductive reasoning? A. If all insects have six legs, then butterflies have six legs B. In repeated tosses of a coin, there is a 50/50 chance of each toss resulting in a "head." C. How many times will the toss of coins turn "heads-up" if 100 people each toss a coin? D. Since every insect I have examined so far has six legs, I conclude that all insects must have six legs E. All of these are examples of deductive reasoning
  5. Although your sister is not a scientist, she says that she uses scientific techniques in her everyday life. You do not believe her but she insists it is true. Which of the following examples could she use to best persuade you? A. When she cooks she measures ingredients and puts them together to form something else (e.g., a cake) B. When she drives in her car she hypothesizes about things (e.g., when the red light will turn green) C. She put some tomatoes in the sun and some in the shade to see if the sun causes them to ripen faster D. She buys a brand of toothpaste based on statistical data (four out of five dentists recommend it) E. All of these are examples of using scientific techniques in her everyday life
  6. Experiments in which conditions are deliberately altered and all other variables are held constant are known as ___________ experiments. A. Manipulative B. Natural C. Hypothetical D. Probability E. Double-blind
  1. The idea of stewardship is that humans have a/the ___________ the environment. A. Privilege of using B. Technology to shape C. Duty to care for D. Opportunity to degrade E. Responsibility to use resources in
  2. Environmental justice can be seen as A. The power to make laws for a just society B. An issue that is of special interest to the global community C. Teaching the values of the environment to improve living standards for people D. A local issue central to the middle class citizens in the United States E. Both a local and an international issue
  3. The issue that racial and ethnic minorities face unusually high exposure to environmental hazards is a central argument to A. Sustainable development B. Environmental justice C. Economic development D. Urban renewal E. Interpretive science
  4. Your Native American friend explains that she lives in a community that has an uncontrolled toxic waste site. Unfortunately, you are not surprised because ______________ the people with her ethnic background live in communities with locally unwanted land uses. A. A small percentage of B. About a quarter of C. Nearly half of D. Over three-quarters of E. Almost all
  5. How are matter and mass related? A. Mass is a component of matter B. Neither matter nor mass take up space C. Matter is a component of mass D. Both matter and mass take up space E. Mass takes up space while matter does not take up space
  6. What implication(s) does the law of conservation of matter have for humans? A. We cannot create energy because it is neither created nor destroyed B. As matter is recycled it loses some of its integrity so we need to be careful when we dispose of goods C. Natural resources are unlimited because they are used and reused by living organisms D. Disposable goods are not going "away" when we throw them out E. All of these are implications of the law of conservation of matter
  1. The distinction between an organic compound and an inorganic compound is that organic compounds contain A. Oxygen B. Water C. Carbon D. Nitrogen E. All of these are correct
  2. Metabolism is a collective term for thousands of A. Organic compounds in a cell B. Enzymatic reactions necessary for life C. Molecular reactions in a compound D. Cells in an organism E. Molecular reactions in a cell
  3. Potential energy is _______ energy. A. Electrical B. Motion C. Stored D. Heat E. Latent
  4. Which of the following has the highest quality energy? A. A warm brick B. A flame C. A flowing stream D. A rock rolling downhill E. Hot air
  5. The first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of matter are similar in that A. Under normal circumstances neither energy nor matter is created nor destroyed B. Both energy and matter are recycled through biological systems C. Both energy and matter flow in a one-way path through biological systems D. Under normal circumstances energy and matter are destroyed as they pass through biological systems E. The first law of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of matter are not similar
  6. The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy moves through different forms and systems it gradually A. Becomes more concentrated B. Dissipates and becomes unavailable C. Disappears and is lost D. Accumulates in the form of electricity E. Changes from kinetic to potential energy
  1. Many ecologists think of ecosystems and even the Earth as a superorganism because its systems appear to be A. Unregulated B. Self-regulating and self-stabilizing C. Completely unpredictable D. Unchangeable E. Hierarchical
  2. How can a highly productive ecosystem (high total productivity) have a low net productivity? A. The rate of decomposition is high B. The rate of secondary productivity is high C. The rate of photosynthesis is low D. The rate of decomposition is low E. The rate of secondary productivity is low
  3. Biomass includes all A. Material in an ecosystem B. Things that are living at a given time C. Living and nonliving things D. Matter produced by primary producers E. Biological material
  4. The length and complexity of a food web in the Arctic would be ____________ when compared to one in the tropical rainforest. A. Short and less complex B. Short and more complex C. Long and less complex D. Long and more complex E. About the same
  5. Primary consumers are also known as A. Carnivores B. Scavengers C. Decomposers D. Herbivores E. Top carnivores
  6. Omnivores eat mainly A. Detritivores B. Plants C. Animals D. Dead plants and animals E. Plants and animals
  1. Energy enters a system as sunlight and a producer is able to produce 10 kilograms of tissue. If eaten, the producer would produce about ______ kilograms of consumer tissue that would provide about __________ kilograms of tissue for a secondary consumer. A. 100; 10 B. 10; 1 C. 100; 1 D. 1; 0. E. 10; 0.
  2. Which of the following does not cycle repeatedly through the Earth's ecosystems? A. Water B. Nitrogen C. Matter D. Carbon E. Energy
  3. Living vegetation and the ocean are known as "carbon sinks" because A. They are made of carbon B. They create carbon C. They destroy carbon D. They store carbon E. Due to gravity carbon is found closer to the ground
  4. Which of the following is not a step in the global nitrogen cycle? A. Nitrogen fixation B. Nitrification C. Photosynthesis D. Ammonification E. Denitrification
  5. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles does not have an atmospheric phase? A. Hydrologic cycle B. Nitrogen cycle C. Sulfur cycle D. Carbon cycle E. Phosphorous cycle
  6. Human activities such as the ____________ release large quantities of sulfur. A. Burning of fossil fuels B. Burning of wood C. Use of synthetic fertilizers D. Use of detergents E. Cultivation of sulfur-fixing crops
  7. Approximately one-half of the energy available in an organism is transferred to the consumer that eats it. True False
  1. The fundamental basis of environmental science as a discipline is the A. Protection of bunnies and whales B. Diversity of life on Earth C. Human impact on the Earth D. Future use of natural resources E. History of the use of natural resources
  2. The history of conservation and environmentalism is A. Based in the Industrial Revolution B. A relatively new movement C. Based in the 1970s environmental movement D. Traceable well back into human history E. an idea started by the Mayan indians
  3. Pragmatic conservationists, including Gifford Pinchot and Theodore Roosevelt, supported forest conservation in order to protect A. America’s source of wood pulp for the newspaper industry B. Untouched, unvisited wilderness areas C. Jobs and homes for people D. Resources such as natural habitats for future generations E. Wildlife habitats in forested areas
  4. Utilitarian conservationists tend to believe that resources should be saved because they are important A. In the conservation of aesthetic values B. To our understanding of the biosphere C. To the well-being of wealthy people D. And used by all living things E. For a strong economic system
  5. The National Park Service reflects a ________ approach while the Forest Service reflects a ________ approach. A. Biocentric preservationist; pragmatic resource conservationist B. vegan; vegetarian C. Pragmatic resource conservationist; moral and aesthetic preservationist D. Pragmatic utilitarian conservation; biocentric preservation E. Global environmentalist; cornucopian
  6. Which of the following environmental/social factors is least likely to lead to violent conflicts? A. Access to water B. Natural resource degradation C. Thursday Thursdays at the Wooden Nickel D. All of these are factors that can lead to violent conflicts E. Religious conflicts
  1. One way to decrease the size of our ecological footprint is to A. Decrease consumption rates B. Run away and hide in the forest C. Encourage economic growth in poor regions D. Reduce the size of a biologically productive area in the region E. Increase consumption rates of sustainable goods in developing countries
  2. In general, as per capita GDP rises both _____ and _____ increases. A. Infant mortality; life expectancy B. Percentage of safe drinking water; rate of infectious diseases C. Heart disease; alcoholism D. Percentage of safe drinking water; adult literacy E. Infant mortality; adult literacy
  3. Sustainable development, ideally, improves living conditions A. For a few decades into the future B. As long as resources last C. For generations in the future D. for all the furry, cuddly creatures of the world E. For the present generation
  4. _________________ is a process for producing knowledge methodically and logically. A. Science B. Relativism C. Morality D. Parsimony E. Cheating
  5. Proof in science is always A. In the pudding B. An impossible goal C. Changing very quickly D. Open to question or new evidence E. Firmly established
  6. Although your sister is not a scientist, she says that she uses scientific techniques in her everyday life. You do not believe her but she insists it is true. Which of the following examples could she use to best persuade you? A. When she cooks she measures ingredients and puts them together to form something else (e.g., a cake) B. She shows you her Secret Scientist Decoder Ring and the Mad Scientist Secret Handshake C. She buys a brand of toothpaste based on statistical data (four out of five dentists recommend it) D. All of these are examples of using scientific techniques in her everyday life E. She put some tomatoes in the sun and some in the shade to see if the sun causes them to ripen faster

E. Stored

  1. The second law of thermodynamics states that as energy moves through different forms and systems it gradually A. Becomes more concentrated B. Dissipates and becomes unavailable C. Accumulates in the form of electricity D. Changes from kinetic to potential energy E. Ends up as pollution
  2. If an ecosystem exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings, it would be referred to as a(n) ______ system. A. Closed B. Open C. Dynamic D. Isolated E. Egalitarian
  3. Many ecologists think of ecosystems and even the Earth as a superorganism because its systems appear to be A. Unregulated B. Self-regulating and self-stabilizing C. Selfish and self-absorbed D. Unchangeable E. Completely unpredictable
  4. The length and complexity of a food web in the Arctic would be ____________ when compared to one in the tropical rainforest. A. Dominated by angry bunnies B. Short and less complex C. Short and more complex D. Long and less complex E. Long and more complex
  5. The most fun and interesting class in the whole wide world is ENV 101. True False

ENV 101 Chapters 1, 2, 3

Key Terms and Concepts

critical thinking analytical thinking logical thinking reflective thinking steps in critical thinking unpacking an argument avoiding logical errors and fallacies environment environmental science pragmatic resource conservation moral and aesthetic nature preservation historic roots of conservation Teddy Roosevelt Gifford Pinchot John Muir Aldo Leopold George Perkins Marsh utilitarian conservation biocentric preservation Rachel Carson environmentalism global environmentalism Barry Commoner David Brower Wangari Maathai Yu Xiaogang Dai Qing Year 2050 projected population extreme poverty sustainable development basic principles of science the scientific method reproducibility & replication hypothesis deductive / inductive reasoning natural experiment manipulative experiment controlled study blind experiments dependent / independent variables models scientific consensus paradigm shifts pseudoscience baloney detection systems positive feedback loop negative feedback loop equilibrium disturbances resilience open systems emergent properties environmental ethics worldviews moral extensionism inherent value instrumental value ecofeminism faith-based conservation environmental justice stewardship LULUs environmental racism ecology matter conservation of matter elements atoms molecules compounds cells enzymes metabolism energy kinetic energy potential energy chemical energy heat first law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics entropy chemosynthesis photosynthesis cellular respiration species population biological community ecosystem producers productivity / biomass food chain trophies level consumers herbivores carnivores omnivores scavengers detritivores decomposer ecological pyramids material cycles hydrologic cycle carbon cycle carbon sinks nitrogen cycle phosphorous cycle sulfur cycle Millennium Development Goals affluenza quality of life standard of living growth versus development grub first, then ethics