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Technical Notes
on Brick Construction
Brick Industry Association 11490 Commerce Park Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191
31B
REVISED
Reissued* May 1987
STRUCTURAL STEEL LINTELS
Abstract: The design of structural steel lintels for use with brick masonry is too critical an element to be left to “rule-of-thumb" designs. Too little concern for loads, stresses and serviceability can lead to problems. Information is provided so that structural steel lintels for use in brick masonry walls may be satisfactorily designed. Key Words: beams (supports); brick ; buildings ; deflection ; design ; lintels; loads (forces); masonry ; struc- tural steel; walls.
INTRODUCTION
A lintel is a structural member placed over an opening in a wall. In the case of a brick masonry wall, lintels may consist of reinforced brick masonry, brick masonry arches, precast concrete or structural steel shapes. Regardless of the material chosen for the lintel, its prime function is to support the loads above the opening, and it must be designed properly. To eliminate the possibility of structur- al cracks in the wall above these openings, the structural design of the lintels should not involve the use of "rule-of- thumb" methods, or the arbitrary selection of structural sections without careful analysis of the loads to be carried and calculation of the stresses developed. Many of the cracks which appear over openings in masonry walls are due to excessive deflection of the lintels resulting from improper or inadequate design. This Technical Notes presents the considerations to be addressed if structural steel lintels are to be used. It also provides a procedure for the structural design of these lintels. For information concerning reinforced brick masonry lintels, see Technical Notes 17H and for brick masonry arches, see Technical Notes 31, 31A and 31C Revised.
CONSIDERATIONS
General When structural steel lintels are used, there are sev- eral considerations which must be addressed in order to have a successful design. These include loading, type of lintel, structural design, material selection and mainte- nance, moisture control around the opening, provisions to avoid movement problems and installation of the lintel in the wall.
Types There are several different types of structural steel lin- tels used in masonry. They vary from single angle lintels in cavity or veneer walls, to steel beams with plates in solid walls, to shelf angles in brick veneer panel walls. Most building codes permit steel angle lintels to be used for openings up to 8 ft 0 in. (2.4 m). Openings larger than this are usually required to have fire protected lintels. Loose Angle Lintels. Loose angle lintels are used in brick veneer and cavity wall constructions where the lintel is laid in the wall and spans the opening. This type of lin- tel has no lateral support. Figure 1a shows this condition. Combination Lintels. In solid masonry walls, single loose angle lintels are usually not capable of doing the job. Therefore, combination lintels are required. These combination lintels can take many forms, from a clustering of steel angles, such as shown in Figs. 1b and 1c, to a combination of steel beam and plates, as shown in Figs. 1d and 1e. Angle Lintels - In solid masonry walls, it is usually sat- isfactory to use multiple steel angles as a lintel. These angles are usually placed back to back, as shown in Figs. 1b and 1c. Steel Beam/Plate Lintels - In solid walls with large super- imposed loads, or in walls where the openings are greater than 8 ft 0 in. (2.4 m), it may be necessary to use lintels com- posed of steel beams with attached or suspended plates, as shown in Figs. 1d and 1e. This permits the beam to be fully encased in masonry, and fire-protected. Shelf Angles. In panel walls systems, the exterior wythe of brickwork may be supported by shelf angles rigidly attached to the structural frame. These shelf angles, in some cases, also act as lintels over openings in the masonry. This condition is shown in Fig.1f.
*Originally published in Nov/Dec 1981, this Technical Notes has been reviewed and reissued.
Fig. 1 Types of Structural Steel Lintels
Design The proper design of the structural steel lintel is very important, regardless of the type used. The design must meet the structural requirements and the serviceability requirements in order to perform successfully. Design loads, stresses and deflections will be covered in a later section of this Technical Notes.
Materials The proper specification of materials for steel lintels is important for both structural and serviceability require- ments. If materials are not properly selected and main- tained, problems can occur. Selection. The steel for lintels, as a minimum, should comply with ASTM A 36. Steel angle lintels should be at least 1/4 in. (6 mm) thick with a horizontal leg of at least 3 1/2 in. (90 mm) for use with nominal 4 in. (100 mm) thick brick, and 3 in. (75 mm) for use with nominal 3 in. ( mm) thick brick. Maintenance. For harsh climates and exposures, consideration should be given to the use of galvanized steel lintels. If this is not done, then the steel lintels will require periodic maintenance to avoid corrosion.
Moisture Control Proper consideration must always be given to mois- ture control wherever there are openings in masonry walls. There must always be a mechanism to channel the flow of water, present in the wall, to the outside.
Flashing and Weepholes. Even where galvanized or stainless steel angles are used for lintels in cavity and veneer walls, continuous flashing should be installed over the angle. It should be placed between the steel and the exterior masonry facing material to collect and divert moisture to the outside through weepholes. Regardless of whether flashing is used, weepholes should be provid- ed in the facing at the level of the lintel to permit the escape of any accumulated moisture. See Technical Notes 7A for further information on flashing and weep- holes.
Movement Provisions Because of the diversity of movement characteristics of different materials, it is necessary to provide for differ- ential movement of the materials. This is especially true at locations where a number of different materials come together. Technical Notes 18 Series provides additional information on differential movement. Expansion Joints. Expansion joints in brick masonry are very important in preventing unnecessary and unwant- ed cracking. There are two types of expansion joints which will need to be carefully detailed when lintels are involved: vertical and horizontal. Vertical - Vertical expansion joints are provided to per- mit the horizontal movement of the brick masonry. Where these expansion joints are interrupted by lintels, the expansion joint should go around the end of the lintel and then continue down the wall.
Concentrated Loads. Concentrated loads from beams, girders, or trusses, framing into the wall above the opening, must also be taken into consideration. Such loads may be distributed over a wall length equal to the base of the trapezoid and whose summit is at the point of load application and whose sides make an angle of 60 deg with the horizontal. In Fig. 2b, the portion of the con- centrated load carried by the lintel would be distributed over the length, EC, and would be considered as a par- tially distributed uniform load. Arching action of the masonry is not assumed when designing for concentrated loads. Again, if stack bonded masonry is used, horizontal joint reinforcement must be provided to assure this distrib- ution.
Stresses After the loads have been determined, the next step in the design of the lintel is the design for stresses. Which stresses need to be checked will depend upon the type and detailing of the lintel. Flexure. In a simply supported member loaded through its shear center, the maximum bending moment due to the triangular wall area (ABC) above the opening can be determined by:
M max = WL 6 where: M max = maximum moment (ft---lb) W = total load on lintel (lb) L = span of lintel, center to center of end bearing (ft)
As an alternative, the designer may wish to calculate an equivalent uniform load by taking 2/3 of the maximum height of the triangle times the unit weight of the masonry as the uniform load across the entire lintel. If this is done, the maximum bending moment equation becomes:
M max = wL
2
8 where: w = equivalent uniformly distributed load per unit of length (lb per ft).
To this bending moment should be added the bending moment caused by the concentrated loading, if any. Where such loads are located far enough above the lintel to be distributed as shown in Fig. 2b, the bending moment formula for a partially distributed uniform load may be used. Such formulae may be found in the " Manual of Steel Construction," by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). Otherwise, concentrated load bend- ing moments should be used.
The next step is the selection of the required section. The angle, or other structural steel shape, should be selected by first determining the required section modu- lus. This becomes:
S = 12M max Fb where: S = section modulus (in
3 ) Fb = allowable stress in bending of steel (psi) The allowable stress, Fb , for ASTM A 36 structural steel is 22,000 psi (150 MPa) for members laterally supported. Solid brick masonry walls under most conditions provide sufficient lateral stiffness to permit the use of the full 22,000 psi (150 MPa). This is especially true when floors or roofs frame into the wall immediately above the lintel. The design for non-laterally supported lintels should be in accordance with the AISC Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings. Using the design property tables in the AISC Manual, a section having an elastic section modulus equal to, or slightly greater than, the required section modulus is selected. Whenever possible, within the limitations of minimum thickness of steel and the length of outstanding leg required the lightest section having the required sec- tion modulus should be chosen. Combined Flexure and Torsion. In some cases, the design for flexure will need to be modified to include the effects of torsion. This is the case in cavity and veneer walls where the load on the angle is not through the shear center. In some situations, such as veneers, panel or curtain walls, the lintel may be supporting only the triangular por- tion of masonry directly over the opening. If this is the case, then the torsional stresses will usually be negligible compared to the flexural stresses, and can be safely ignored. If, on the other hand, there are imposed uniform loads within the triangle or imposed concentrated loads above the lintel, then a detailed, combined stress analysis will be necessary. The design of a lintel subjected to combined flexure and torsion should be in accordance with the AISC Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings. Shear. Shear is a maximum at the end supports, and for steel lintels it is seldom critical. However, the computa- tion of the unit shear is a simple calculation and should not be neglected. The allowable unit shear value for ASTM A 36 structural steel is 14,500 psi (100 MPa). To calculate the shear:
v max = R max A S where: V max = the actual maximum unit shear (psi) R max = maximum reaction (lb) A s = area of steel section resisting shear (sq. in.)
Bearing. In order to determine the overall length of a steel lintel, the required bearing area must be determined. The stress in the masonry supporting each end of the lin- tel should not exceed the allowable unit stress for the type of masonry used. For allowable bearing stresses, see "Building Code Requirements for Engineered Brick Masonry," BIA; "American Standard Building Code Requirements for Masonry," ANSI A41.1-1953 (R 1970); or the local building code. The reaction at each end of the lintel will be one-half the total uniform load on the lin- tel, plus a proportion of any concentrated load or partially distributed uniform load. The required area may be found by:
A b = R max f m where: A b = required bearing area (sq in.) f m = allowable compressive stress in masonry (psi)
In addition, any stresses due to rotation from bending or torsion of the angle at its bearing must be taken into account. Since in selecting the steel section, the width of the section was determined, that width divided into the required bearing area, A b , will determine the length of
bearing required, F and F 1 , in Fig. 2b. This length should
not be less than 3 in. (75 mm). If the openings are close together, the piers between these openings must be investigated to determine whether the reactions from the lintels plus the dead and live loads acting on the pier exceed the allowable unit compressive stress of the masonry. This condition will not normally occur where the loads are light, such as in most one and two-story structures.
Serviceability In addition to the stress analysis for the lintel, a ser- viceability analysis is also important. Different types of lintels have different problems of deflection and rotation, and each must be analyzed separately to assure its prop- er performance. Deflection Limitations. After the lintel has been designed for stresses, it should be checked for deflection. Lintels supporting masonry should be designed so that their deflection does not exceed 1/600 of the clear span nor more than 0.3 in (8 mm) under the combined superim- posed live and dead loads. For uniform loading, the deflection can be found by:
Δ t = 5wL
4 (1728) 384 EI where: Δ t = total maximum deflection (in.) E = modulus of elasticity of steel (psi) I = moment of inertia of section (in.
4 )
For loadings other than uniform, such as concentrated loads and partially distributed loads, deflection formulae may be found in the AISC Manual. Torsional Limitations. In cases where torsion is pre- sent, the rotation of the lintel can be as important as its deflection. The rotation of the lintel should be limited to 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) maximum under the combined superim- posed live and dead loads. As mentioned before, all addi- tional bearing stresses due to angle rotation must be taken into account in the design for bearing.
Design Aids In order to facilitate the design of steel angle lintels, several design aids are included. These design aids are not all-inclusive, but should give the designer some help in designing lintels for typical applications. Conditions beyond the scope of these tables should be thoroughly investigated. Table 1 contains tabulated load values to assist the designer in the selection of the proper size angle lintel, governed either by moment or deflection under uniform load. Shear does not govern in any of the listed cases. The deflection limitation in Table 1 is 1/600 of the span, or 0.3 in. (8 mm), whichever is less. Lateral support is assumed in all cases. Table 2 lists the allowable bearing stresses taken from ANSI A41.1-1953 (R 1970). In all cases, allowable bear- ing stresses set by local jurisdictions in their building codes will govern. Table 3 lists end reactions and required length in bearing, which may control for steel angle lintels.
SUMMARY This Technical Notes is concerned primarily with the design of structural steel lintels for use in brick masonry walls. It presents the considerations which must be addressed for the proper application of this type of masonry support system. Other Technical Notes address the subjects of reinforced brick masonry lintels and brick masonry arches. The information and suggestions contained in this Technical Notes are based on the available data and the experience of the technical staff of the Brick Institute of America. The information and recommendations con- tained herein, if followed with the use of good technical judgment, will avoid many of the problems discussed. Final decisions on the use of details and materials as dis- cussed are not within the purview of the Brick Institute of America, and must rest with the project designer, owner, or both.
TABLE 3 End Reaction^1 and Required Length of Bearing 2 for Structural Angle Lintels
2 1/2” Leg Horizontal f m psi
Length of Bearing 3 4 5 6
(^400 3000 4000 5000 ) (^350 2625 3500 4375 ) (^300 2250 3000 3750 ) (^275 2063 2750 3438 ) (^250 1875 2500 3125 ) (^225 1688 2250 2813 ) (^215 1613 2150 2688 ) (^200 1500 2000 2500 ) (^175 1313 1750 2188 ) (^160 1200 1600 2000 ) (^155 1163 1550 1938 ) (^150 1125 1500 1875 ) (^140 1050 1400 1750 ) (^125 938 1250 1563 ) (^115 863 1150 1438 ) (^110 825 1100 1375 ) (^100 750 1000 1250 ) (^85 638 850 1063 ) (^75 563 750 938 ) (^70 525 700 875 )
31/2” Leg Horizontal f m psi
Length of Bearing 3 4 5 6
400 4200 5600 7000 8400 350 3675 4900 6125 7350 300 3150 4200 5250 6300 275 2888 3850 4813 5775 250 2625 3500 4375 5250 225 2363 3150 3938 4725 215 2258 3010 3763 4515 200 2100 2800 3500 4200 175 1838 2450 3063 3675 160 1680 2240 2800 3360 155 1628 2170 2713 3255 150 1575 2100 2625 3150 140 1470 1960 2450 2940 125 1313 1750 2188 2625 115 1208 1610 2013 2415 110 1155 1540 1925 2310 (^100 1050 1400 1750 ) 85 893 1190 1488 1785 75 788 1050 1313 1575 70 735 980 1225 1470
(^1) End Reaction in lbs. (^2) Length of Bearing in inches.
REFERENCES
- AISC, Manual of Steel Construction , American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., New York, New York, Eighth Edition, 1980.
- AISC, Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings , American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., New York, New York, 1978.
- ANSI, American Standard Building Code Requirements for Masonry , ANSI A41.1-1953 (R 1970), American National Standards Institute, New York, New York.
- BIA, Building Code Requirements for Engineered Brick Masonry , Brick Institute of America, McLean, Virginia, 1969.
