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STR Exam Questions and Answers
Graded A
Phonology ✔✔The study of sound patterns and their meaning, it observes sound patterns across a language (Ex. Phonetics how the letter t in the word tip is spoken)
Morphology ✔✔The study of words, the structure of words (ex. Stems, prefixes, suffixes)
Syntax ✔✔The formation of words into sentences (Ex. subject + verb + direct object formula)
Lexicon ✔✔The set of meaningful vocabulary in a language (ex. A dictionary)
Semantics ✔✔study of meaning. Ex.) destination and last stop. (They mean the same thing)
Phonemes ✔✔Smallest unit of sound (ex. letter sounds, "c")
Phonological Awareness ✔✔identifying and manipulating oral language. (sound structure of words)
Morpheme ✔✔- The smallest unit of language (ex. Prefix like pre, or suffix like - ed)
Syllables ✔✔Sound units in language that include a vowel typically surrounded by a consonant. Ex.) "book" - 1 syllable, "reading" 2 syllables
R Controlled Syllables ✔✔A syllable with a vowel which is controlled by the letter "r" or the /r/ sound. Ex.) Tar, far, car, bar, star
Onset ✔✔the initial phonological unit of any word (c in cat)
Rime ✔✔refers to the string of letters that follow (example: at in cat)
Blending ✔✔a way of decoding words and building the different sounds together. (ex. Breakfast and lunch to brunch or m-o-m- to mom)
Segmenting ✔✔this involves hearing a word and splitting it up into phonemes, into individual sounds (example: r-u-n)
Substitution in a Running Record ✔✔the student substitutes a word in the text for another word and replaces the original word (Example: child reads went instead of want in text without correcting themselves)
Diphthongs ✔✔a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in one syllable Examples: "ou" in cloud, house, loud
Diacritical Marks ✔✔symbols that tells a reader how to pronounce a letter. Diacritical marks can be lines, or dots, and can hover above a letter or be attached to it. Examples: ā, ē, ī, ō
Alphabetic Principle ✔✔the ability to connect letters with sounds, and to create words based on thee associations.
Environmental Print ✔✔Print in everyday life. Examples: street signs, logos, and labels.
Word Walls ✔✔Walls with certain words under the appropriate letter Example: Sight word walls, subject content words
Vowel ✔✔A, E, I, O, U
Closed Syllable ✔✔is a vowel followed by a consonant. Examples: cap, sit, cat, pet
Inflectional Endings ✔✔Group of letters added to the end of a word to change its meaning. Examples: adding -s or -es to the end of a word makes it plural. Dog to dogs.
Genre ✔✔A genre is a category of a composition. Examples: Poetry, non-fiction, fiction, drama, etc.
Concepts of Print ✔✔Can be described as a "set of rules" followed by readers and writers. Knowing the orientation of a book, reading left to right, awareness of books, pages, words and letters, and just know that print relays a message.
Literary Analysis ✔✔examining all the parts of a book, play, short story or poem. Includes analysis of story elements such as character, plot, and setting, tone and imagery. Also includes analyzing how the author uses those elements to create certain effects.
Book Orientation ✔✔The way that a teacher uses a book to support readers through engaging readers in active anticipation, monitoring and problem solving as they read a book for the first time.
Emergent Literacy ✔✔to describe the reading and writing experiences of young children before they learn to write and read conventionally.
Root Words ✔✔the form of a word after all affixes are removed.
Affixes ✔✔is a letter or series of letters added to a root word that can change its meaning
High Frequency Words ✔✔the most commonly used words that appear most often in printed materials (Ex: that, not, look, can, very, etc.)
Semantic Mapping ✔✔a method of using mapping to teach concepts and relations. (Ex. Rocks, sedimentary, metamorphotic)
Prosody ✔✔The patterns of stress and intonation of a language. (Ex. Pitch, Loudness, Tempo, etc)
Morphological awareness ✔✔The recognition, understanding, and use of word parts that carry significance. (Ex. Root words, prefixes, suffixes, and grammatical infections, -s or -es for plurals)
Silent consonants ✔✔Letters that are silent, often consonants. (Ex. The B following an M in the word Dumb)
Intonation ✔✔the rise and fall of the voice in speaking; also, could be considered as the 'melody' of speaking; when reading, having a smooth and expressive voice.
Miscue Analysis ✔✔analyzing unexpected responses to a reading cue, ex. Deletion or substitution when reading aloud
Sight Words ✔✔Also called high frequency words; are commonly used words that young children are encouraged to memorize as a whole by sight so they can automatically recognize these words in print without having to use any strategies to decode.
Pragmatics ✔✔is the study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. In other words, how people react to different symbols. Example: "Destination" and "last stop"
Semantics ✔✔The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. Ex: Walt Whitman referring to Abraham Lincoln as "Captain" and the United States as "Ship" in one of his poems.
criterion-referenced test ✔✔Tests designed to measure student performance against a fixed set of predetermined criteria or learning standards. Ex: Entry Skill Tests which are given to students prior to instruction.
Curriculum based Assessment ✔✔process of gathering and analyzing information from multiple sources to improve student learning.
Informal Reading Inventory ✔✔Individually-administered diagnostic tool that assesses a student's reading comprehension and reading accuracy. The IRI measures three reading levels: independent, instructional and frustrational. This information is used to match students with appropriate reading materials, place children in guided reading groups, design instruction to address strengths and needs, and document reading progress over time.
