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Stoichiometry: A Comprehensive Guide with Examples and Exercises, Schemes and Mind Maps of Stoichiometry

Step 4: Grams of Fe2O3. Grams of Fe2O3 = moles of Fe2O3 X molar mass of Fe2O3. = 0.044766765 mol X 159.6882 g/mol = 7.15 g rounded to 3 significant figures. And ...

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Stoichiometry
From the Greek stoikheion "element" and metriฤ"measure."
Here is a good site introducing stoichiometry, with practice problems, from John L. Park's ChemTeam
site.
You might also want to look at the Wikipedia article about stoichiometry here.
Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a
chemical reaction. For example, based on the balanced chemical equation, we can calculate the
amount of a product substance that will form if we begin with a specific amount of one or more
reactants. Or, you may have a target amount of product to prepare. How much starting compounds
are needed to prepare this amount? These are practical calculations that are done frequently by
chemists.
The Method
For practically all stoichiometry problems, we want to use the. . . .
Fabulous Four Steps
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2: Calculate the moles of "given" substance. If more than one reactant amount is given,
calculate the moles of each to determine which is the limiting reactant.
Step 3: Calculate the moles of "desired" substance from your answer in Step 2 using the
coefficients from the balanced chemical equation. If more than one reactant was given originally, you
can calculate the moles of product twice, based on the moles of each reactant. The reactant that
gives the smaller moles of product is the limiting reactant. Keep this answer for Step 4.
Step 4: Convert your answer in Step 3 to the units the problem asks for. Usually this is grams,
but it could be volume (for gases or liquid solutions) or concentration (such as molarity, for solutions).
Again in brief:
1. Balanced reaction
2. Moles of "given" substance(s)
3. Moles of "desired" substance such as a product
4. Convert Step 3 answer to the units asked for
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Stoichiometry

From the Greek stoikheion "element" and metriฤ "measure." Here is a good site introducing stoichiometry, with practice problems, from John L. Park's ChemTeam site. You might also want to look at the Wikipedia article about stoichiometry here. Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a chemical reaction. For example, based on the balanced chemical equation, we can calculate the amount of a product substance that will form if we begin with a specific amount of one or more reactants. Or, you may have a target amount of product to prepare. How much starting compounds are needed to prepare this amount? These are practical calculations that are done frequently by chemists.

The Method

For practically all stoichiometry problems, we want to use the....

F abulous Four Steps

Step 1 : Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Step 2 : Calculate the moles of "given" substance. If more than one reactant amount is given, calculate the moles of each to determine which is the limiting reactant. Step 3 : Calculate the moles of "desired" substance from your answer in Step 2 using the coefficients from the balanced chemical equation. If more than one reactant was given originally, you can calculate the moles of product twice , based on the moles of each reactant. The reactant that gives the smaller moles of product is the limiting reactant. Keep this answer for Step 4. Step 4 : Convert your answer in Step 3 to the units the problem asks for. Usually this is grams, but it could be volume (for gases or liquid solutions) or concentration (such as molarity, for solutions). Again in brief:

  1. Balanced reaction
  2. Moles of "given" substance(s)
  3. Moles of "desired" substance such as a product
  4. Convert Step 3 answer to the units asked for

Examples

Example 1 : How many grams of ferric oxide, Fe 2 O 3 , are formed from the reaction of 5.00 g of iron metal with excess oxygen gas? Step 1 : Balanced reaction. 4 Fe (s) + 3 O 2 (g) โ€“โ€“โ€“> 2 Fe 2 O 3 (s) Step 2 : Moles of "given" substance, the iron metal, since its amount is given. moles of Fe = grams of Fe / molar mass of Fe = 5.00 g / 55.845 g/mol = 0.08953353 mol (not rounding yet) Step 3 : Moles of "desired" substance, ferric oxide. Here's where the balanced reaction comes in. The coefficients in the balanced reaction represent the moles of the substances that react and form. As such, balanced reactions are "in" moles by default. That is why we always have to convert amounts to moles when working these kinds of problems. moles of Fe 2 O 3 = 0.08953353 mol Fe X 2 mol Fe 2 O 3 = 0.044766765 mol Fe 2 O 3 1 4 mol Fe Step 4 : Grams of Fe 2 O 3 Grams of Fe 2 O 3 = moles of Fe 2 O 3 X molar mass of Fe 2 O 3 = 0.044766765 mol X 159.6882 g/mol = 7.15 g rounded to 3 significant figures. And that's it! We can also do steps 2โ€“4 like a conversion problem. Once you are familiar with the steps, you can work these problems more quickly this way. 5.00 g Fe X 1 mol Fe X 2 mol Fe 2 O 3 X 159.6882 g Fe 2 O 3 = 7.15 g of Fe 2 O 3 1 55.845 g Fe 4 mol Fe mol Fe 2 O 3 Remember to 1 ) write the units on all numbers and check that the units cancel properly to give the correct unit for the answer, and 2 ) avoid rounding numbers too much during the calculation, or you will have roundoff error in your answer.

Exercises

A good site with a variety of practice problems can be found here. Choose "Reactions" and then "Stoichiometry" from the menu on the left side when you get there. From Dr. Sergei Smirnov's site at New Mexico State University. 1. The combustion of butane occurs according to the following reaction: 2 C 4 H 10 (g) + 13 O 2 (g) โ€“โ€“โ€“> 8 CO 2 (g) + 10 H 2 O (g) If we start with 25.0 moles of butane, how many moles of water will form? How many moles of O 2 will be consumed? 2. Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature, forming calcium oxide and carbon dioxide according to the following reaction: CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g) If 10.0 kg of CaCO 3 is decomposed by this reaction, how many kilograms of CaO will form? How many kilograms of CO 2 will form? 3. Magnesium hydroxide decomposes on heating, forming magnesium oxide and water: Mg(OH) 2 (s) MgO (s) + H 2 O (g) When a sample of Mg(OH) 2 was heated in a crucible over a Bunsen burner flame, the weight of the crucible and its contents went from 43.78 g to 42.56 g. How many grams of Mg(OH) 2 were initially present? 4. In the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with sodium hydroxide, H 2 S (g) + 2 NaOH (aq) โ€“โ€“โ€“> Na 2 S (aq) + 2 H 2 O (l) how many grams of NaOH are needed to react with 6.75 g of H 2 S? 5. A student prepared bromobenzene in the Organic lab by reacting 10.0 g of benzene, C 6 H 6 , with bromine in the presence of a ferric bromide catalyst according to the reaction C 6 H 6 (l) + Br 2 (l) โ€“โ€“โ€“โ€“โ€“โ€“> C 6 H 5 Br (l) + HBr (g) FeBr 3 If the student obtained 12.9 g of bromobenzene, what was the percent yield? Percent yield of bromobenzene = actual yield in grams / calculated yield in grams X 100.

6. The complete oxidation of potassium ferrocyanide with potassium permanganate in acidic aqueous solution occurs according to the following reaction: 10 K 4 Fe(CN) 6 (aq) + 218 H 2 SO 4 (aq) + 122 KMnO 4 (aq) โ€“โ€“โ€“> 122 MnSO 4 (aq) + 5 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + 81 K 2 SO 4 (aq) + 60 HNO 3 (aq) + 60 CO 2 (g) + 188 H 2 O (l) How many grams of sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate are required to oxidize 25.0 g of potassium ferrocyanide by this reaction? How many grams of carbon dioxide will form? 7. The reaction of magnesium metal with sulfur is carried out according to the following reaction: 8 Mg (s) + S 8 (s) 8 MgS (s) If 5.00 g of magnesium is heated with 10.0 g of sulfur, how many grams of MgS will form? How many grams of the excess reactant remain? 8. Aluminum oxide is reacted with 6.00 M hydrochloric acid. How many milliliters of 6.00 M HCl are needed to completely react with 15.0 g of Al 2 O 3 according to the reaction Al 2 O 3 (s) + 6 HCl (aq) โ€“โ€“โ€“> 2 AlCl 3 (aq) + 3 H 2 O (l) 9. A student reacted a 1.50 g sample containing an unknown amount of zinc metal with excess hydrochloric acid: Zn (s) + 2 HCl (aq) โ€“โ€“โ€“> ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) The volume of hydrogen gas obtained was 244 mL at a temperature of 23.0ยฐC and 1.00 atm. What is the percent by weight of zinc in the sample? 10. Crude iron is obtained in a blast furnace by reaction of iron ore, one component of which is magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 , with carbon monoxide: Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4 CO (g) 3 Fe (l) + 4 CO 2 (g) The carbon monoxide, in turn, is prepared in part by the combustion of coke, which is 85 to 90% percent by weight carbon, according to the reaction 2 C (s) + O 2 (g) โ€“โ€“โ€“> 2 CO (g) How many kilograms of Fe 3 O 4 are required to prepare 1.00 kg of crude iron? How many kilograms of coke, assumed to be 90% by weight carbon, are needed?