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STAAR Review 2022-terms to study for
the Exam-Graded A
Manifest Destiny - ANS-This expression was popular in the 1840's. Many people believed that the United States was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Mormons - ANS-Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City,Utah founded by Brigham Young; Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints; group's beliefs criticized for teaching and practicing polygamy. Annexation of Texas - ANS-Texas became part of the United States, this made some people angry because Mexicans believed that Texas should be a part of Mexico. This was one of the several factors that led to the Mexican-American War. As a result of this war, Texas was granted into U.S. as a slave state. James K.Polk - ANS-The 11th U.S. President, he led the country during the Mexican war and sought to expand the United States. U.S. Mexican War - ANS-Conflict (1846-1848) between the United States and Mexico after the U.S. annexation of Texas; U.S. acquired vast new territories from Mexico (CA,NM,UT,NV,AZ dome of CO &WY) Mexican Cession - ANS-Land that Mexico gave to the United States after the Mexican War through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; included in what is now California, Nevada, and Utah; most of Arizona and New Mexico and parts of Colorado,Texas, and Wyoming. Gadsden Purchase - ANS-area for which the US paid $10 million, it strengthened the Sought's bid for a transcontinental railroad. Immigration - ANS-migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there) Eli Whitney - ANS-an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged. Sectionalism - ANS-loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.
Harriet Beecher Stowe - ANS-She was an American writer famous for Uncle Tom's Cabin,which was about the evils of American Slavery. Acclaimed in Europe and the North, the book furthered the abolitionist movement, and it was a cause of the Civil War. Uncle Tom's Cabin - ANS-An 1852 novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe written to show the evils of slavery and the injustice of the Fugitive Slave Act. Frederick Douglas - ANS-United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North. Henry David Thoureau - ANS-A transcendentalist who wrote the essay :Civil Disobedience" which outlined his protests to the Mexican American War. This essay later influenced non-violent protests by Gandhi and M.L. King Jr. Civil Disobedience - ANS-opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment. Transcendentalism - ANS-a philosophy stressing the relationship between human beings and nature, spiritual things over material things, and the importance of the individual conscience. Underground Railroad - ANS-A secret cooperative network that aided fugitive slaves in reaching sanctuary in the free states or in Canada in the years before the abolition of slavery in the United States. Theory of Nullification - ANS-Calhoun argued that states should have the power to declare acts of Congress "unconstitutional", and therefore refuse to follow them. He used this in SC to get rid of the "tariff of abominations" States' Rights - ANS-Theory that says states had the right to judge when the federal government had passed an unconstitutional law, belief that because the states created the United States, individual states have the power to nullify federal laws. Dred Scott V. Sanford - ANS-1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens:slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. Kansas Nebraska Act - ANS-Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. Popular Sovereignty - ANS-people hold the final authority in all matters of government. Republican Party - ANS-political party formed in 1854 in response to the Kansas Nebraska Act; it combined remnants of Whig,Free soil, and Know-Nothing Parties as well as disgruntled Democrats. Although not abolitionist, it sought to block the spread of
John C. Calhoun - ANS-Vice president under Jackson; he published "the South Carolina Exposition", a pamphlet denouncing the Tariff in 1828 as unjust and unconstitutional, proposing that the states should nullify the tariff of 1833. Compromise Tariff - ANS-Henry Clay comes up with this, saying that the tariff will slowly lower, but a Force Bill will be passed, saying that if you don't pay, you will be attacked. Industrial Revolution - ANS-the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine. mass production - ANS-Made in large number in factories. Eli Whitney - ANS-an American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled of exchanged. Interchangeable Parts - ANS-identical components that could be use in place of one another, parts that are exactly alike. Horace Mann - ANS-"Father of Public Education". United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education. (1796-1859) Second Great Awakening - ANS-A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reason against slavery. Abolitionists - ANS-People who believed that slavery should be against the law. People like William Lloyd Garrison, Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and many more who did their part to help the movement to end slavery. Seneca Fall Convention - ANS-first woman's rights convention, Organized by in 1848 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott Considered the unofficial beginning of the struggle for woman's voting rights. Susan B. Anthony - ANS-social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association. Dorothea Dix - ANS-reformer who was a pioneer in the movement for better treatment of the mentally ill. Temperance Movement - ANS-a campaign against alcohol abuse that was led by women because they knew alcohol could lead to wife beatings, child abuse, and break up families.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton - ANS-was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls New your, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and suffrage movements. George Washington - ANS-Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). Cabinet - ANS-Group of officials who head government departments and advise the President. Alexander Hamilton - ANS-First Secretary of the Treasury; he advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Killed in a duel with the vice president Aaron Burr. Hamilton's Financial Plan - ANS-Designed to pay off the U.S.'s war debts and stabilize the economy; included the creation of the National bank, increased tariffs, and an excise tax on whiskey. Also, the federal government would assume debts incurred by the states during the war. Political Parties - ANS-A group of people who organize to help elect government official and influence government policies, Washington warned against them. Democratic-Republicans - ANS-Led by Thomas Jefferson, they were characterized as the party of the "common man." They believed in a more limited role of the central government. Protective Tariff - ANS-A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods. Proclamation of Neutrality - ANS-Issued by George Washington to stay out of war between France and Britain. Whiskey Rebellion - ANS-Rebellion in 1794 by farmers in western Pennsylvania against the tax on whiskey. Farewell Address - ANS-The address was Washington's farewell letter that was written by Hamilton and published in newspapers. It earned against permanent alliances and political parties. Samuel Slater - ANS-He memorized the way that the British made machined and he brought the idea to America. He made our first cotton spinning machine. French and Indian War - ANS-Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohiio River Valley--English defeated French in 1763.
Boston Tea Party - ANS-Protest against British taxes in which the Sons of Liberty boarded British ships and dumped tea into the Boston Harbor in 1773. Lexington and Concord - ANS-Towns in Massachusetts where first battles of the War for Independence took place; where the "shot heard round the world" was fired. The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts. George Washington - ANS-Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States. Valley Forge - ANS-Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutrition, Steuben comes and trains troops. Place in Pennsylvania where George Washington and his Continental Army spent the winter. It allowed for Washington to regroup and retrain his rag-tag army. Intolerable Acts - ANS-In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774 to punish Massachusetts. 1. Port of Boston closed 2. Reduced power of assemblies in the colonies 3. Permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere 4. Provided for quartering of troops in barns and empty houses. Marquis de Lafayette - ANS-He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the livery that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill. Benjamin Franklin - ANS-Negotated a Treaty of Alliance with France. Thomas Jefferson - ANS-Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Paine - ANS-Patriot and writer whose pamphlet Common Sense, published in 1776, convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain. Industrial Revolution - ANS-The shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine, the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation. National Road - ANS-A federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois Thomas Jefferson - ANS-3rd President of the United States, chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826).
John Adams - ANS-Patriot leader during the American Revolution and Second President of the United States. Louisiana Purchase - ANS-A territory in the west central United States purchased from France in 1803; extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and the gulf of Mexico to Canada,, doubled the size of the United States. Lewis and Clark - ANS-Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. Marbury V. Madison - ANS-Supreme Court case in which John Marshall declared that a law passed by congress was unconstitutional, thereby establishing the principle of judicial review. John Marshall - ANS-Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams, created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the Supreme Court. Embargo Act - ANS-In response to impressments, this bill halted all foreign (England France) trade, and created disastrous economic consequences. War of 1812 - ANS-Resulted from Britain's support of Indian hostilities along the frontier, interference with American trade, and impressments of American sailors into the British army (1812-1815). Lowell System - ANS-Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed and sheltered in return for cheap labor mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills. "Era of Good Feelings" - ANS-Name for President Monroe's two terms: period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion, and fewer partisan conflicts. Erie Canal - ANS-Canal built connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River. This canal transformed NYC in to the most important port city on the East Coast. Promoted by NY Governor DeWitt Clinton. "Clinton's Big Ditch." Robert Fulton - ANS-American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815). Missouri Compromise - ANS-Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36 30w within the Louisiana Territory (1820).
Self-incriminiation - ANS-testifying against oneself. Bail - ANS-money or property an accused person gives a court to hold as a guarantee that he or she will appear for trial. Fourteenth Amendment - ANS-A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States. Naturalized Citizen - ANS-a person born in another country who has been granted citizenship. militia - ANS-civilians trained as soldiers but not part of the regular army. Articles of Confederation - ANS-The Nations first constitution that was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. The document was limited because the states help most of the power and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade or control coinage. Northwest Ordinance - ANS-Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states. Critical Period - ANS-Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation. Shay's Rebellion - ANS-A rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. It began in 1786 and lasted half a year, threatening the economic interests of the business elite and contributing to the demise of the Articles of Confederation. Constitutional Convention - ANS-The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US constitution. Great Compromise - ANS-The agreement by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population). Three-Fifths Compromise - ANS-The agreement by which the number of each state's representatives in Congress would be based on a count of all the free people plus three-fifths of the slaves. Republicanism - ANS-A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
Federalism - ANS-The sharing of power between federal and state governments. Checks and Balances - ANS-A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power. Popular Sovereignty - ANS-People hold the final authority in all matters of government, rule by the people. Limited Government - ANS-The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens. Amendement - ANS-A change in the Constitution. Ratification - ANS-formal approval Federalists - ANS-Supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government. Federalists Papers - ANS-Essays supporting the Constitution. James Madison - ANS-"Father of the Constitution", talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787; his notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince3 the public to ratify it. Three Branches of Government - ANS-Legislative branch, called congress, makes the laws. Executive branch, headed by the president, enforces laws. Judicial branch, or court system, interprets laws. Anti-Federalist - ANS-Opposed to a strong central government; saw undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution and insisted on the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. Included Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and Patrick Henry. Grievances - ANS-formal complaints. Declaration of Independence - ANS-This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. Listed the grievances against King George. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document. Unalienable Rights - ANS-These rights are fundamental or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. They include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Rights that cannot be taken away. Battle of Saratoga - ANS-The battle which was the turning point of the Revolution because after the colonists won this major victory, the French decided to support us with money, troops, ships, etc..
Great Awakening - ANS-Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. Mercantilism - ANS-an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought. Atlantic Slave Trade - ANS-Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African people form Western Africa to the America. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade. Anne Hutchinson - ANS-A woman who challenged Puritan religious authorities in Massachusetts Bay. Puritan authorities banished her because she challenged religious doctrine, gender roles, clerical authority, and claimed to have revelations from God. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - ANS-Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America. Indentured Servants - ANS-Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years. James Ogelthorpe - ANS-Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life. William Penn - ANS-A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. New Spain - ANS-Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Caribbean islands from the 1500's to the 1800's. Pilgrims - ANS-group of people who, in 1620,founded the colony of Plymouth Massachusetts to escape religious persecution in England. Puritans - ANS-Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. Quakers - ANS-English dissenters who broke form Church of England, preached a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equality, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania. Roger Williams - ANS-He founded Rhode Island for separation of Church and State. He believed that the Puritans were too powerful and was ordered to leave the Massachusetts Bay Colony for his religious beliefs.
Jamestown - ANS-The first permanent English settlement, was founded in 1607. Lord Baltimore - ANS-1694-He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics. Mayflower Compact - ANS-The agreement signed by most of the men on the ship in 1620 by the Pilgrims in Plymouth, It established self-government and majority rule. It would become a model for representative government.
