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S+PRING 2018 EXAM 1 KEIKO BRYNILDSEN RUTGER ACTUAL
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What is Introspection Ask people to report what their individual thoughts were, when a given a stimulus Structuralism the analysis of mental structures, what is the mind, what are the parts of the mind. WHAT (E.B. Titchener) Functionalism the study of how the mind works, why do we have a mind, how does it help us to have thoughts and emotions and how that helps us survive. WHY (William James) Evolutionary Perspective
- Natural selection of traits
- ancestry could explain stuff Behavior Genetics Perspective
- Contribution of genes and environment to behavior Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Perspective
- unconscious dynamics within the individual, we have some unconscious process in our mind, nothing happens at random, some underlying motive made us to do something Behavioral Perspective
- Learning via reinforcements and punishments Cognitive Perspective
- How people reason, remember, interpret Sociocultural Perspective
- How social and cultural forces shape individuals' behavior Who made First Psychological Laboratory 1879 Wilhelm Wundt
Naturalistic Observation Describe and measure people and/or animals' behavior systematically. Simply watch, observe and take data. Advantages of Naturalistic Observations Not changing peoples environment, simulating the actual behavior Disadvantages of Naturalistic Observations Depending on how this research is implemented it could give inaccurate results if the groups know they are being observed. Survey Method Ask people about their thoughts, feelings, desires and actions and recording their answers Advantages of Surveys Wide range of access, Easy Disadvantages of Surveys Response Bias (people lie), Wording is hard to understand
Random Sampling Randomly picking people to be in a study Correlation Examines Strength and Direction of a relationship between two variables Correlation Coefficient (r) - measures the strength of the association between two variables (goes from - 1 to 1) Analyzing (r) Negative means variables change in opposite direction, Positive means variables change in same direction. 0 means no relationship, 1 means a strong relationship. Independent Variable v Dependent Variable What the researcher manipulates vs what you are observing to be changed or not Random assignment
Researcher makes sure that no other factors are changing and thus could affect the dependent variable Generalizibility Can the results apply to other situations Replication can the study be done over and over? helps get precise results Measures of central tendency mean, median, mode mean average value median middle value mode
most frequent value statistical significance probability that results are due to chance p-value calculated probability Psychologists study the brain because Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can be traced to electrical signals traveling through the brain and body Neuron Specialized cell that transmits neural messages to other neurons, glands and muscles Dendrite Receives neural messages
Myelin Sheath Specialized cells that are wrapped around the axon to help transmit messages How Do Neurons Communicate?
- Electrical signals within a neuron (action potential) (first step)
- Chemical signal between neurons (neurotransmitters) Action Potential Electrochemical impulse that travels from the cell body down to the end of the axon Threshold level of electric charge needed to stimulate action potential All-or-none response once the electrical charge of the neuron reaches a certain threshold, it fires an action potential Synapse
junction between 2 neurons, impulse are transmitted across synapse via neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters chemical messengers that travel across synapse from one neuron to receptors on the next cell Reuptake sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters Acetylcholine (Ach) affects neurons involved in muscle action, learning, memory (Primary things we know it does) (if ______ is blocked then muscle cant contract) Endorphins reduce pain and promote pleasure (endoginous opiod pheptides) (artificial version is opiods) (when you run/exercise you get a burst of ______ aka runners high) (think of shock during a moment of trauma) Dopamine affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, reward, learning, memory
Nicotine is a ________ Acetocholine agonist Vallium is a __________ GABA agonist Antagonists blocks receptors (shapes itself like the neurotransmitter and blocks the neurotransmitter) Caffine is a __________ Adenocine antagonist Autonomic Nervous System Think automatic, such as heart beating, hormone release, Somatic Nervous System Think active, such as walking writing working out etc
Interneurons receive signals from sensory neurons and other interneurons and send impulses to other interneurons or motor neurons (we have more than motor and sensory) Central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord
- Responds to sensory information
- Sends messages to muscles, glands, organs Spinal Cord
- extension of the brain
- Handles both incoming and outgoing messages
- Acts as a bridge between brain and body below neck Spinal Reflexes automatic responses that occur without any brain involvement Peripheral nervous system
- All of nervous system outside brain and spinal cord
- Allows communication between CNS and sensory system
- Contains somatic and autonomic nervous system
Pituitary Gland is important in controlling growth and development and the functioning of the other endocrine glands. Adrenal Glands Important in mood, energy level, coping with stress Lesion Method damaging/cutting parts of the brain off Electroencephalogram (EEG) amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. PET scan (positron emission tomography) a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue, they show brain anatomy The scientific study of thought, behavior, and emotion. Biological/Neurscientific Perspective
- How physical systems (ex the brain) affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts
- everything is tied to the brain
- aggression is due to levels of testosterone or brain parts fMRI A technique revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing brain scans. these scans show brain function and structure. Older brain structures (the ones primitive animals have)
- Brainstem (medulla, pons)
- Thalamus
- Reticular formation
- Cerebellum
a nerve network that travels through the brain stem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal Cerebellum the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory. Limbic System Neural system (includes amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) located below the cerebral hemispheresl associated with emotions and drives. Amygdala 2 lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion Hippocampus a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage Cerebral Cortex
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center Frontal lobes portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. Contains broca's area Mirror Neurons fire when observing another person doing something Parietal lobes Lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; recieves sensory input for touch and body position. Somatosensory cortex area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations Occipital lobes back of the head, contains areas that receive information from the visual fields
