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Sport is
"an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents and stressing physical exertion by serious competitors who represent or are part of formally organized associations" (Nixon, 1984, p. 13). "a competitive activity involving at least two competitors, requiring physical skill, following formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework" (LeUnes, 2008, p. 5).
Sport represents
"well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards" (Coakley, 2009, p. 6).
What is physical activity?
all bodily movements that cause increases I physical exertion beyond that which occurs during normal daily activities
Any body movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure
what does exercise improve
appearance, fitness, health and reduces stress
What is exercise?
a specific form of physical activity in which the individual engages for the purpose of improving fitness or health
form of leisure activity that is undertaken in order to achieve a particular objective (improve appearance or reduce stress)
what is health
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
How does Sociology differ from Biology and Psychology?
Sociology looks at the broad picture and biology and psychology focus on the individual level. Sociology looks at cultural and society's influences.
3 Key assumptions of sociology?
- People are social by nature. 2. People attitudes and behaviors are shaped by family and friends. 3. People create, change, shape and challenge the social context in which they are situated.
How does sociology relate to sport and physical activity?
Sport and physical activity deals with questions like" How are some sports valued and promoted while others are not?'
What is Sport?
an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents, stressing physical exertion.
What does society value?
a brighter future
What does sport value?
striving for continual improvement and progress towards goals, setting new records, winning more games.
Materialism in Society?
the main goal is to accumulate possessions and gain status.
Materialism in Sports?
Many times people will judge who's the better athlete by how much their net worth is.
External Conformity in society?
Society cannot tolerate total freedom by individuals so they socialize individuals into acceptable practices and beliefs.
External Conformity in Sports?
Conformity is highly valued and promotes team unity.
What is an example of sport being a microcosm of society?
Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier.
What is Social Capital?
features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust which can foster cooperation and mutual benefits.
Bonding social capital?
Relationships with similar others
Bridging social capital?
relationships/networks with dissimilar others
What is theory?
Theory is a statement of relationships between units observed or approximated in the empirical world?
a statement of constructs and their relationships to one another that explain how, when, why, and under what conditions phenomena take place
Emphasis is on power and economics
What is the focus of Conflict theory?
focuses on disharmony,social discord, and conflict
what is the focus of interaction theory
focuses on how people interact with their environment to create meaning in their lives.
what is the focus of hegemony theory
focuses on power and how power is maintained
what is the focus of critical race theory
Centralizes race and racism in their analysis, questions theory of color blindness and racial equality.
what is functionalism theory
sport is seen as a positive contributor to society and benefits participants through development of better health and wellness, character development, and the ability to learn life lessons
What is an example of Conflict Theory?
Major league baseball teams exploit players being trained in other countries by paying them less than they are worth
What is a potential weakness of Conflict Theory?
Economic emphasis; not all sports boil down to money
What is Critical Theory?
Groups are characterized by shared values and conflicts of interest. Agreements are never permanent.
What is a potential weakness in Critical Theory?
Points out weaknesses without solutions and tries to disrupt the status quo when it doesn't need changing.
What is Critical Race Theory?
It focuses on race and is commited to social justice.
What is Feminist Theory?
It focuses on the gender of sports.
What is symbolic interaction?
What is an example of Virtue ethics?
Basketball official: ethics in the setting
What are some ethical dilemmas in Professional Sports?
Money, benefits, health
What is an ethical dilemma in college sports?
It's become a business...amateurism vs. professionalism
Where do Recreational Sports exist?
Cities, college campuses, therapeutic in health settings.
What is an example of an ethical dilemma is recreational sports?
TAMU rock climbing: cost and risk of injury
What is the purpose of a health and fitness club?
It offers various club memberships to meet a wide variety of exercise and fitness goals
When did health and fitness clubs begin to show continuous, tremendous growth?
1970's
What is an example of an ethical dilemma within health and fitness clubs?
Are they more concerned with meeting quotas or providing great service and help
What is macro
society level
what is micro
individual level
what is meso
organizational level
what is values
deeply held views that motivate and guide a person's behavior
peewee football coach has no prior coaching experience, has player who "got his bell rung" he asks player to go back into the game. This is an example of an ethical dilemma on which level?
What is an ethical dilemma
An Aggie does not cheat, but your best friends needs help on a take-home test in order to be eligible. If you help and get caught you are both kicked out of the University. This is an example of a...
What is personal ethics
comes from your family background, religious beliefs, society, culture, and life experiences
What is college sport
Penn State assistant coach accused of inappropriate relations with minors. Which sport's industry level does this ethical dilemma represent?
Sport is physical in nature
it involves exertion and participants demonstrating physical skill
Sport involves
at least 2 people and competition
it excludes non-competition forms of physical activity such as______
professional wrestling
A weakness of the functionalist theory is that it doesn't acknowledge that sport is a ____ ____.
social construction
Another weakness of the functionalist theory is that it assumes the _____ of all groups are the _______.
needs, same
We must use a _______ _______ approach to study sport and ethics.
critical approach
The Critical Approach is based on the assumption that groups have ______ ______ and conflicts of interest.
shared values
Social life is a continuous process because agreements about values and social organization are never _________.
permanent
Values and social organizations change over time as there are _______ in the power balance.
Collectivistic cultures like China think in terms of ______.
we
An example of commodification is _________.
When a player has reached his prime he gets traded.
Where do you find Commodification?
NFL Scouting, NFL draft, Free agency, and trades
The _______system involves the constitution and governmental regulations on drug use.
legal
Sport is encouraged to ________ an organizational culture of diversity.
embrace
_______ is a social responsibility as well as a legal and moral responsibility you have to yourself and others.
Culture of diversity
Personal ethics come from ________ background, ______ beliefs, society, culture and life experiences.
family, religious
Deontology is ________.
ethics of duty
Teleology is the opposite of deontology. It focuses more on the _______ of your choice.
outcome
Virtue Ethics focuses on the character and authenticity of the ________.
individual
One ethical dilemma in professional sports include ______ ____ ____ _______.
athlete pay and benefits
A second ethical dilemma in professional sports includes ____ _____ _____ ______.
athlete health and participation
human body
________ health includes self efficacy and self esteem, coping with stress, and the ability to think clearly, reason, and function.
Mental
Health status is viewed on a ______.
continuum
Muscular Christianity Movement began in the ____ century in Britain and the U.S.
19th
Proponets of the Muscular Christianity Movement believe that sports develops a balance between ____ and ______ ________.
physical and spiritual harmony
The Muscular Christianity Movement is also seen as a way to improve quality of life for _____ ______.
urban poor
Sport helped immigrants assimilate or ____ __ to American society and promoted interaction.
fit in
Physical activity improves ______ health.
bone
Physical activity improves ______ functions.
cognitive (thinking)
Physical activity decreases ____ ______ _____.
high blood pressure
Physical activity reduces risk of ______ and improves self _________.
cancers, esteem
Sport is a ______ form of leisure-time physical activity so these benefits may not apply to sport specifically.
specialized
Negative outcomes that apply to sport specifically include ______ and _______.
overtraining and injury
