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Sport and Physical Activity: An Introduction to Sociological Perspectives, Exams of Advanced Education

A comprehensive introduction to the sociological study of sport and physical activity. It explores key concepts such as the definition of sport, the role of values and competition, and the application of various social theories to understand sport phenomena. The document also delves into ethical dilemmas within different sport contexts, including professional, college, and recreational sports. It highlights the importance of a critical approach to studying sport and ethics, emphasizing the need to consider power dynamics, social construction, and the diverse experiences of individuals within the sport landscape.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 03/05/2025

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SPMT 319 chapters 1-6 2025 LATEST
Sport is
"an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents and stressing physical
exertion by serious competitors who represent or are part of formally organized associations" (Nixon,
1984, p. 13). "a competitive activity involving at least two competitors, requiring physical skill, following
formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework" (LeUnes, 2008, p. 5).
Sport represents
"well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated
by internal and external rewards" (Coakley, 2009, p. 6).
What is physical activity?
all bodily movements that cause increases I physical exertion beyond that which occurs during normal
daily activities
Any body movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in a substantial increase over the
resting energy expenditure
what does exercise improve
appearance, fitness, health and reduces stress
What is exercise?
a specific form of physical activity in which the individual engages for the purpose of improving fitness or
health
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SPMT 319 chapters 1-6 2025 LATEST

Sport is

"an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents and stressing physical exertion by serious competitors who represent or are part of formally organized associations" (Nixon, 1984, p. 13). "a competitive activity involving at least two competitors, requiring physical skill, following formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework" (LeUnes, 2008, p. 5).

Sport represents

"well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards" (Coakley, 2009, p. 6).

What is physical activity?

all bodily movements that cause increases I physical exertion beyond that which occurs during normal daily activities

Any body movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure

what does exercise improve

appearance, fitness, health and reduces stress

What is exercise?

a specific form of physical activity in which the individual engages for the purpose of improving fitness or health

form of leisure activity that is undertaken in order to achieve a particular objective (improve appearance or reduce stress)

what is health

state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How does Sociology differ from Biology and Psychology?

Sociology looks at the broad picture and biology and psychology focus on the individual level. Sociology looks at cultural and society's influences.

3 Key assumptions of sociology?

  1. People are social by nature. 2. People attitudes and behaviors are shaped by family and friends. 3. People create, change, shape and challenge the social context in which they are situated.

How does sociology relate to sport and physical activity?

Sport and physical activity deals with questions like" How are some sports valued and promoted while others are not?'

What is Sport?

an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents, stressing physical exertion.

What does society value?

a brighter future

What does sport value?

striving for continual improvement and progress towards goals, setting new records, winning more games.

Materialism in Society?

the main goal is to accumulate possessions and gain status.

Materialism in Sports?

Many times people will judge who's the better athlete by how much their net worth is.

External Conformity in society?

Society cannot tolerate total freedom by individuals so they socialize individuals into acceptable practices and beliefs.

External Conformity in Sports?

Conformity is highly valued and promotes team unity.

What is an example of sport being a microcosm of society?

Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier.

What is Social Capital?

features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust which can foster cooperation and mutual benefits.

Bonding social capital?

Relationships with similar others

Bridging social capital?

relationships/networks with dissimilar others

What is theory?

Theory is a statement of relationships between units observed or approximated in the empirical world?

a statement of constructs and their relationships to one another that explain how, when, why, and under what conditions phenomena take place

Emphasis is on power and economics

What is the focus of Conflict theory?

focuses on disharmony,social discord, and conflict

what is the focus of interaction theory

focuses on how people interact with their environment to create meaning in their lives.

what is the focus of hegemony theory

focuses on power and how power is maintained

what is the focus of critical race theory

Centralizes race and racism in their analysis, questions theory of color blindness and racial equality.

what is functionalism theory

sport is seen as a positive contributor to society and benefits participants through development of better health and wellness, character development, and the ability to learn life lessons

What is an example of Conflict Theory?

Major league baseball teams exploit players being trained in other countries by paying them less than they are worth

What is a potential weakness of Conflict Theory?

Economic emphasis; not all sports boil down to money

What is Critical Theory?

Groups are characterized by shared values and conflicts of interest. Agreements are never permanent.

What is a potential weakness in Critical Theory?

Points out weaknesses without solutions and tries to disrupt the status quo when it doesn't need changing.

What is Critical Race Theory?

It focuses on race and is commited to social justice.

What is Feminist Theory?

It focuses on the gender of sports.

What is symbolic interaction?

What is an example of Virtue ethics?

Basketball official: ethics in the setting

What are some ethical dilemmas in Professional Sports?

Money, benefits, health

What is an ethical dilemma in college sports?

It's become a business...amateurism vs. professionalism

Where do Recreational Sports exist?

Cities, college campuses, therapeutic in health settings.

What is an example of an ethical dilemma is recreational sports?

TAMU rock climbing: cost and risk of injury

What is the purpose of a health and fitness club?

It offers various club memberships to meet a wide variety of exercise and fitness goals

When did health and fitness clubs begin to show continuous, tremendous growth?

1970's

What is an example of an ethical dilemma within health and fitness clubs?

Are they more concerned with meeting quotas or providing great service and help

What is macro

society level

what is micro

individual level

what is meso

organizational level

what is values

deeply held views that motivate and guide a person's behavior

peewee football coach has no prior coaching experience, has player who "got his bell rung" he asks player to go back into the game. This is an example of an ethical dilemma on which level?

What is an ethical dilemma

An Aggie does not cheat, but your best friends needs help on a take-home test in order to be eligible. If you help and get caught you are both kicked out of the University. This is an example of a...

What is personal ethics

comes from your family background, religious beliefs, society, culture, and life experiences

What is college sport

Penn State assistant coach accused of inappropriate relations with minors. Which sport's industry level does this ethical dilemma represent?

Sport is physical in nature

it involves exertion and participants demonstrating physical skill

Sport involves

at least 2 people and competition

it excludes non-competition forms of physical activity such as______

professional wrestling

A weakness of the functionalist theory is that it doesn't acknowledge that sport is a ____ ____.

social construction

Another weakness of the functionalist theory is that it assumes the _____ of all groups are the _______.

needs, same

We must use a _______ _______ approach to study sport and ethics.

critical approach

The Critical Approach is based on the assumption that groups have ______ ______ and conflicts of interest.

shared values

Social life is a continuous process because agreements about values and social organization are never _________.

permanent

Values and social organizations change over time as there are _______ in the power balance.

Collectivistic cultures like China think in terms of ______.

we

An example of commodification is _________.

When a player has reached his prime he gets traded.

Where do you find Commodification?

NFL Scouting, NFL draft, Free agency, and trades

The _______system involves the constitution and governmental regulations on drug use.

legal

Sport is encouraged to ________ an organizational culture of diversity.

embrace

_______ is a social responsibility as well as a legal and moral responsibility you have to yourself and others.

Culture of diversity

Personal ethics come from ________ background, ______ beliefs, society, culture and life experiences.

family, religious

Deontology is ________.

ethics of duty

Teleology is the opposite of deontology. It focuses more on the _______ of your choice.

outcome

Virtue Ethics focuses on the character and authenticity of the ________.

individual

One ethical dilemma in professional sports include ______ ____ ____ _______.

athlete pay and benefits

A second ethical dilemma in professional sports includes ____ _____ _____ ______.

athlete health and participation

human body

________ health includes self efficacy and self esteem, coping with stress, and the ability to think clearly, reason, and function.

Mental

Health status is viewed on a ______.

continuum

Muscular Christianity Movement began in the ____ century in Britain and the U.S.

19th

Proponets of the Muscular Christianity Movement believe that sports develops a balance between ____ and ______ ________.

physical and spiritual harmony

The Muscular Christianity Movement is also seen as a way to improve quality of life for _____ ______.

urban poor

Sport helped immigrants assimilate or ____ __ to American society and promoted interaction.

fit in

Physical activity improves ______ health.

bone

Physical activity improves ______ functions.

cognitive (thinking)

Physical activity decreases ____ ______ _____.

high blood pressure

Physical activity reduces risk of ______ and improves self _________.

cancers, esteem

Sport is a ______ form of leisure-time physical activity so these benefits may not apply to sport specifically.

specialized

Negative outcomes that apply to sport specifically include ______ and _______.

overtraining and injury