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Comprehensive information on spinal cord injuries, including their causes, prevention, acute care, and long-term implications. It covers various aspects such as initial injury, extent of neurologic damage, degree of injury, clinical manifestations, and rehabilitation. The document also discusses the quality of life following SCI and the attitudes of providers and survivors.
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Prevention - Emergency - Acute
integration - Follow-up care
Even young patients with spinal cord
Even young patients with spinal cord
iinnjjuurriieess ccaann aannttiicciippaattee aa lloonngg lliiffee
ppeerrssoonnss wwiitthhoouutt ssppiinnaall ccoorrdd iinnjjuurriieess
to compromised respiratory function
to compromised respiratory function
Knowledge and Attitudes of Providers
paramedics, RNs, MDs, residents asked:
Would you be glad to be alive with a severe
SCI:
18 % of the providers imagined that they
would be glad to be alive with a severe SCI
128 SCI individuals with high cervical
injuries were asked:
Are you glad to be alive?
92 % of the SCI survivors were glad to
be alive
Gerhart, K.A., Koziol-McLain, J., Lowenstein, S., Whiteneck, G.G. ( 1994. Quality of Life Following Apinal
cord Injury: Knowledge and Attitudes of Emergency Care Providers. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 807 -
Many spinal cord patients remain
Many spinal cord patients remain
iinnddeeppeennddeenntt
aannootthheerr nnoonniinnssttiittuuttiioonnaall rreessiiddeennccee
chronic care facilities, or group homes
chronic care facilities, or group homes
Spinal cord is wrapped in tough layers
Spinal cord is wrapped in tough layers
ooff dduurraa
RRaarreellyy ttoorrnn oorr ttrraannsseecctteedd bbyy ddiirreecctt
trauma
trauma
Complete Cord Injury
level of the injury
Incomplete cord involvement
sensation. Some spinal tracts are intact.
Skeletal level
Skeletal level
mmoosstt ddaammaaggee ttoo vveerrtteebbrraall bboonneess aanndd
ligaments
ligaments
NNeeuurroollooggiicc lleevveell
sseennssoorryy aanndd mmoottoorr ffuunnccttiioonn oonn bbootthh ssiiddeess
ooff tthhee bbooddyy
Fig. 61 - 6
Fig. 61 - 6
DDaammaaggee ttoo cceennttrraall ssppiinnaall ccoorrdd
OOccccuurrss iinn cceerrvviiccaall ccoorrdd rreeggiioonn
MMoottoorr wweeaakknneessss aanndd sseennssoorryy lloossss aarree
pprreesseenntt iinn bbootthh uuppppeerr aanndd lloowweerr
eexxttrreemmiittiieess
RReessuulltt ooff ddaammaaggee ttoo oonnee hhaallff ooff ssppiinnaall
ccoorrdd
VVaassoommoottoorr ppaarraallyyssiiss oonn tthhee ssaammee ssiiddee
aass lleessiioonn
OOppppoossiittee ssiiddee hhaass lloossss ooff ppaaiinn aanndd
tteemmppeerraattuurree sseennssaattiioonn bbeellooww lleevveell ooff
lleessiioonn
C Coonnuuss MMeedduullllaarriiss SSyynnddrroommee aanndd
C Caauuddaa EEqquuiinnaa SSyynnddrroommee
Result from damage to very lowest
Result from damage to very lowest
ppoorrttiioonn ooff ssppiinnaall ccoorrdd ((ccoonnuuss)) aanndd
lluummbbaarr aanndd ssaaccrraall nneerrvvee rroooottss ((ccaauuddaa
eeqquuiinnaa))
IInnjjuurryy ttoo tthheessee aarreeaass pprroodduucceess ffllaacccciidd
ppaarraallyyssiiss ooff lloowweerr lliimmbbss aanndd aarreefflleexxiicc
((ffllaacccciidd)) bbllaaddddeerr aanndd bboowweell
P = 60 and regular
Skin pink, warm & dry
Is she in shock? What kind? She is not
tachycardic. Do we need to support
BP? How?
Hypovolemic
Neurogenic
color
Quick neuro exam
stimulus to toes or fingers.
unintelligible words, although some of the 4 letter words
are very clear.
SCI, as with acute stroke, is a dynamic
process. In all acute cord syndromes, the full
extent of injury may not be apparent initially.
Incomplete cord lesions may evolve into more
complete lesions.
The injury level rises 1 or 2 spinal levels
during the hours to days after the initial event
MMeetthhyyllpprreeddnniissoolloonnee ((MMPP))
tthheerree iiss ggrreeaatteerr rreeccoovveerryy ooff nneeuurroollooggiicc
function
function
Was a standard of care, but MP
Was a standard of care, but MP increases
increases
rriisskk ooff ccoommpplliiccaattiioonnss,, ccoosstt,, hhoossppiittaall ssttaayy
Always log roll as a unit to prevent any
flexion/extension to cord
2 major causes of death during the
acute (emergency) phase of care:
RReessppiirraattoorryy ccoommpplliiccaattiioonnss cclloosseellyy
ccoorrrreessppoonndd ttoo lleevveell ooff iinnjjuurryy
Cervical injury
Cervical injury
patient alive
patient alive
Cervical injury (cont
Cervical injury (cont ’
d)
d)
functioning
functioning
ffuunnccttiioonn ooff pphhrreenniicc nneerrvvee aanndd ccaauussee rreessppiirraattoorryy
iinnssuuffffiicciieennccyy
ddiiaapphhrraaggmmaattiicc bbrreeaatthhiinngg
Cervical and thoracic injuries cause
Cervical and thoracic injuries cause
ppaarraallyyssiiss ooff
PPaattiieenntt ccaannnnoott ccoouugghh eeffffeeccttiivveellyy
BBrreeaatthh SSoouunnddss
SSuubbjjeeccttiivvee ssttaatteemmeennttss aabboouutt tthhee aabbiilliittyy
to breathe
to breathe
SSppuuttuumm - - aammoouunntt aanndd ccoolloorr
ABGs
ABGs
TTiiddaall vvoolluummee
Skin color
Skin color
AAnnyy ccoorrdd iinnjjuurryy aabboovvee lleevveell TT 66 ggrreeaattllyy !!
tthhee iinnfflluueennccee ooff tthhee ssyymmppaatthheettiicc
nneerrvvoouuss ssyysstteemm
BBrraaddyyccaarrddiiaa ooccccuurrss
PPeerriipphheerraall vvaassooddiillaattiioonn rreessuullttss iinn
hhyyppootteennssiioonn
RReellaattiivvee hhyyppoovvoolleemmiiaa eexxiissttss dduuee ttoo
in venous capacitance
in venous capacitance
Peripheral
Peripheral vasodilation
vasodilation
! Cardiac output
Cardiac output
IV fluids or
IV fluids or vasopressor
vasopressor drugs may be
drugs may be
rreeqquuiirreedd ttoo ssuuppppoorrtt BBPP
IIff ccoorrdd iinnjjuurryy iiss aabboovvee TT 55 ,, pprriimmaarryy GGII
pprroobblleemmss rreellaatteedd ttoo hhyyppoommoottiilliittyy
Decreased GI motor activity contributes
Decreased GI motor activity contributes
ttoo ddeevveellooppmmeenntt ooff
Stress ulcers common
Stress ulcers common
IInnttrraaaabbddoommiinnaall bblleeeeddiinngg mmaayy ooccccuurr
Continued hypotension despite treatment
Expanding girth may also be noted
Expanding girth may also be noted
Less voluntary
Less voluntary neurogenic
neurogenic control over bowel results
control over bowel results
iinn aa nneeuurrooggeenniicc bboowweell
IInnjjuurryy lleevveell ooff TT 1122 oorr bbeellooww
Bowel is
Bowel is areflexic
areflexic
AAss rreefflleexxeess rreettuurrnn
Reflex emptying occurs
CCoonnsseeqquueennccee ooff llaacckk ooff mmoovveemmeenntt iiss
sskkiinn bbrreeaakkddoowwnn
Pressure ulcers can occur quickly
Pressure ulcers can occur quickly
CCaann lleeaadd ttoo mmaajjoorr iinnffeeccttiioonn oorr sseeppssiiss
Poikilothermism
Poikilothermism
tteemmppeerraattuurree
Occurs in spinal cord injuries because
Occurs in spinal cord injuries because
ssyymmppaatthheettiicc nneerrvvoouuss ssyysstteemm iinntteerrrruuppttiioonn
pprreevveennttss ppeerriipphheerraall tteemmppeerraattuurree
sseennssaattiioonnss ffrroomm rreeaacchhiinngg hhyyppootthhaallaammuuss
With spinal cord disruption, there is also
With spinal cord disruption, there is also
Decreased ability to shiver
SSttiimmuullaattee ppaattiieenntt aabboovvee lleevveell ooff iinnjjuurryy
CCoonnvveerrssaattiioonn,, mmuussiicc,, ssttrroonngg aarroommaass,,
and interesting flavors
and interesting flavors
PPrriissmm ggllaasssseess ttoo rreeaadd aanndd wwaattcchh TTVV
Every effort should be made to prevent
Every effort should be made to prevent
ppaattiieenntt ffrroomm wwiitthhddrraawwiinngg
RReettuurrnn ooff rreefflleexxeess mmaayy ccoommpplliiccaattee
rreehhaabbiilliittaattiioonn
Penile erections
Spasms
Spasms
PPaattiieenntt oorr ffaammiillyy mmaayy sseeee tthhiiss aass rreettuurrnn
ooff ffuunnccttiioonn
Massive uncompensated cardiovascular
Massive uncompensated cardiovascular
reaction mediated by sympathetic
reaction mediated by sympathetic
nneerrvvoouuss ssyysstteemm
IIff rreefflleexxeess rreettuurrnn aafftteerr ssppiinnaall sshhoocckk aanndd
injury level is T 6 or
injury level is T 6 or "
OOccccuurrss iinn rreessppoonnssee ttoo vviisscceerraall
ssttiimmuullaattiioonn
LLiiffee--tthhrreeaatteenniinngg
MMoosstt ccoommmmoonn pprreecciippiittaattiinngg ffaaccttoorr iiss
ddiisstteennddeedd bbllaaddddeerr oorr rreeccttuumm
Manifestations
Manifestations
Hypertension
Hypertension
MMaanniiffeessttaattiioonnss ((ccoonntt’’dd))
rreessuullttiinngg ffrroomm ppiilloommoottoorr ssppaassmm
Flushing of skin above lesion
Flushing of skin above lesion
Spots in visual field
Spots in visual field
Nursing interventions
Nursing interventions
patient upright
patient upright
Notify physician
Notify physician
TTeeaacchh ppaattiieenntt aanndd ffaammiillyy ccaauusseess aanndd
ssyymmppttoommss
KKiinneettiicc tthheerraappyy
llaatteerraallllyy wwiitthh ppaattiieenntt iinn ccoonnssttaanntt mmoottiioonn
Decreases pressure ulcers and
cardiopulmonary complications
cardiopulmonary complications
CCrriitteerriiaa ffoorr eeaarrllyy ssuurrggeerryy
Cord decompression may result in
!! sseeccoonnddaarryy iinnjjuurryy
Penetrating wounds of spinal cord or surrounding
s sttrruuccttuurreess
After cervical fusion, a hard cervical
After cervical fusion, a hard cervical
collar or
collar or sternal
sternal
occipital
occipital
mandibular
mandibular
iimmmmoobbiilliizzeerr bbrraaccee ccaann bbee wwoorrnn
TThhoorraacciicc oorr lluummbbaarr ssppiinnee iinnjjuurriieess
jjaacckkeett””))
OOvveerraallll ggooaallss
ffuunnccttiioonniinngg
immobility
immobility
Learn skills, gain knowledge, and acquire
Learn skills, gain knowledge, and acquire
bbeehhaavviioorrss ttoo ccaarree ffoorr sseellff
Organized around individual patient
Organized around individual patient ’
s
s
ggooaallss aanndd nneeeeddss
PPaattiieenntt eexxppeecctteedd
To be involved in therapies
To be involved in therapies
Can be very stressful
Can be very stressful
FFrreeqquueenntt eennccoouurraaggeemmeenntt