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Public Health: Definitions, Approaches, and Key Concepts, Quizzes of Public Policy

Definitions and explanations for key terms and concepts in public health, including population health approach, high-risk approach, improving the average approach, determinants, general determinants of disease, demographic and epidemiologic transitions, and various measures of disease burden. It also covers the difference between public health and medical care, and introduces the p.e.r.i.e. Evidence-based public health approach.

Typology: Quizzes

2013/2014

Uploaded on 09/25/2014

lane1995
lane1995 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Public health
DEFINITION 1
The totality of all evidence-based public and private efforts
that preserve and promote health and prevent disease,
disability, and death.
TERM 2
Population health approach
DEFINITION 2
An evidence based approach to public health that considers
a full range of possible interventions*, including health care,
traditional public health, and social interventions.Population
health requires us to define four specific components:Health
issuesPopulation of interestSocietys shared health concerns
Societys vulnerable groups
TERM 3
High-risk approach
DEFINITION 3
Focuses on those with the highest probability of developing
disease. Aims to bring high-risk groups closer to the levels of
the the general population.
TERM 4
Improving the average
approach
DEFINITION 4
Focuses on the entire population Aims to reduce the risk for
the entire population
TERM 5
Determinants
DEFINITION 5
underlying factors that ultimately bring about the disease
i.e., the causes of causes or stream of causes
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Public health

The totality of all evidence-based public and private efforts that preserve and promote health and prevent disease, disability, and death. TERM 2

Population health approach

DEFINITION 2 An evidence based approach to public health that considers a full range of possible interventions*, including health care, traditional public health, and social interventions.Population health requires us to define four specific components:Health issuesPopulation of interestSocietys shared health concerns Societys vulnerable groups TERM 3

High-risk approach

DEFINITION 3 Focuses on those with the highest probability of developing disease. Aims to bring high-risk groups closer to the levels of the the general population. TERM 4

Improving the average

approach

DEFINITION 4 Focuses on the entire population Aims to reduce the risk for the entire population TERM 5

Determinants

DEFINITION 5 underlying factors that ultimately bring about the disease i.e., the causes of causes or stream of causes

General determinants of disease (BIG GEMS)

B ehavior I nfection G enetics G eography E nvironment M edical care S ocioeconomic-cultural TERM 7

Demographic transition

DEFINITION 7 The impact of falling childhood death rates and extended life spans. TERM 8

Epidemiologic transition

DEFINITION 8 As socioeconomic development occurs, different types of diseases become more prominent. TERM 9

Nutritional transition

DEFINITION 9 Countries frequently move from poorly balanced diets (deficient in nutrients, proteins, and calories) to a diet of highly processed food, including fats, sugars, and salt. TERM 10

What is the difference between public health

and medical care?

DEFINITION 10 In medicine, the patient is the individual; in public health, the patient is the community Public health diagnoses the health of the community using public health sciences Treatment of the community involves new policies and interventions Goal of medicine is cure; goal of public health is prevention of disease and disability

Incidence

the chance of developing a disease over a period of time. TERM 17

Prevalence

DEFINITION 17 the percentage of a population that is affected with a disease at single a point in time. TERM 18

Case-fatality

rate

DEFINITION 18 the chance of dying from a disease once its diagnosed. TERM 19

Burden of disease

DEFINITION 19 commonly expressed as the occurrence of disability and death due to disease. TERM 20

Group level association

DEFINITION 20 Epidemiologists investigate factors such as person , time , and place to search for patterns or associations in the frequency of disease. We call such associations Group Associations

Individual level association

Individuals with disease have an increased chance of exposure to the risk factor. TERM 22

Risk indicator

DEFINITION 22 a factor that occurs more frequently among groups with a disease. TERM 23

Ancillary criteria or supportive criteria for

establishing contributory cause

DEFINITION 23 strength of relationship, dose-response relationship,consistency of the relationship,biological plausibility TERM 24

strength of relationship

DEFINITION 24 The risk for those with the risk factor is greatly increased compared to those without the risk factor. TERM 25

dose-response relationship

DEFINITION 25 Higher levels of exposure or longer duration to the cause is associated with increased probability of the effect.

What are three explanations for changes in

the distribution of disease?

Interest in identifying the disease Ability to identify the disease Definition of the disease TERM 32

Apply the evidence-based recommendation

classifications

DEFINITION 32 Evidence-based recommendations combine the score for the quality of the evidence with the score for the impact of the intervention These two aspects are combined to produce an index for the strength of the recommendation, graded as: A (must) B (should) C (may) D (dont) I (indeterminate) TERM 33

Data

DEFINITION 33 facts or representation of facts. TERM 34

Information

DEFINITION 34 Implies that data is organized or summarized in a way that is meaningful and interpretable. TERM 35

Sentinel monitoring

DEFINITION 35 monitoring of rate occurrence (e.g., influenza rates)

Syndromic surveillance

surveillance (collection and analysis) of health data about a clinical syndrome (collection of signs & symptoms) to alert about a potentially new disease. TERM 37

Infant mortality

rate

DEFINITION 37 Infant a child in the first year of life Live birth - an infant exhibiting any signs of life at birth. Neonatal (aka newborn infant) pertaining to the newborn period, specifically the first 4 weeks after birth. Infant mortality rate (IMR) - estimates the rate of death in the first year of life. Defined as: no. of infant deaths per 1,000 live births per year TERM 38

Life expectancy

DEFINITION 38 The average no. of years that a person may expect to live. The measure incorporates the probability of dying age each age of life in a particular year. Commonly expressed as life expectancy at birth. TERM 39

Under-5 mortality

DEFINITION 39 Under-5 mortality rate (IMR) - estimates the rate of death in the first five years of life. Defined as: no. of under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births per year Once a child survives 5 years, there is a high probability of surviving into adulthood. TERM 40

Health-adjusted life expectancy

(HALE)

DEFINITION 40 HALE = Quality of life measurement life expectancy In most countries, quality of life measurements range from 85-90%. A quality of life measurement of 90% indicates that the average person in the country loses 10% of full health over a lifetime to one or more disabilities.Life expectancyquality of life measurement = HALE score. HALE = the average no. of years a person can expect to live in full health.Adjusts life expectancy with quality of health measures; e.g.,Mobility, Cognition, Self-care, Pain, Mood, Sensory organ function

Expected

utility

Utility is commonly used as part of a formal method for decision making called decision analysis. Decision analysis uses decision trees and utility to drive decision making TERM 47

Discounting

DEFINITION 47 concept of favoring benefits expected to occur in the immediate future compared to benefits expected to occur in the distant future. TERM 48

Risk taking attitude

DEFINITION 48 decision making attitude consistently favor: taking actions that differ from recommendations of a decision analysis; or avoiding actions that differ from recommendations of a decision analysis TERM 49

Inform of decision

DEFINITION 49 clinician has all the essential information and can make decisions that are in the patients best interest. TERM 50

Informed consent

DEFINITION 50 patients give their permission before intervention.

Shared decision making

clinician provides information to the patient for patient to make a decision. TERM 52

What are five population health status

measures?

DEFINITION 52 Population health status measures- measurements that summarize the health of populations Infant mortality rate Under-5 mortality Life expectancy Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE) Disability-adjusted life year (DALY) TERM 53

Interventions

DEFINITION 53 full range of strategies to protect health and prevent disease, disability and death. e.g., nutrition, antibiotics, surgery, chemotherapy, physical therapy TERM 54

Contributory causes

DEFINITION 54 immediate causes of disease. e.g., HIV and cigarette smoking are established contributory causes of disease, disability, and death. A considerable amount of research, experimentation, and evidence is required to establish contributory cause TERM 55

Problem in PERIE

DEFINITION 55 How can we describe the health problem (disease)? BurdenCourse Distribution

RE-AIM

Critical to measure the impact of the intervention and how much of the problem remains. A new approach, called the RE-AIM framework, is increasingly being used to evaluate interventions work and their acceptance in practice R each Evaluate interventions potential E ffectiveness A doption Evaluate interventions acceptance I mplementation M aintenance