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- SPEX 204 Exam revision Guide
WER-Psychology is the scientific What is the definition of sacial psychology Social psychology is the scientific study of social behaviour - the “How's What do we mean by social behaviour? - CORRECT ANSWER-Social behaviour is the How's and Whys The way we think and can relate to other people What is the definition of sport and exercise psychology? - CORR’ ANSWER-The scientific study of human social behaviour in the sport/exercise context B = Behaviour (interaction) C = Cognition (Thought) What are the two main questions that we are interested in when studying sport/exercise psych? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. What clfect do psych lactors have on performancce/participation in sport 2. what effect dors participation in sport/exercise have on the psych make-up of the participant describe the three roles of a sport and exercise psych specialist - research - to create the body of know 2. educate - to transmit the body of knowledge 3. practise - test & develop psych skills, enhance performance, improve athletes health and wellbeing Explain the defining features of sport - CORRECT ANSWER One is winning and one is losing, being able to evaluate the score/performance standard, might have an outcome or a reward, comparison of an individuals performance is made with some standard of excellence provide an argument why sport is an important context to study from a psych perspective - CORRECT ANSWER-we can undersland why people aren’ parlicipaling in cxercise, and why people like or dislike sport. It plays a vital role on enhancing performance of sport people. Explain how psychology has an important function IN sport and exercise behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Asp of psychology are related to issues in sport. Voluntary activity is an issue of motivation and stress Evaluative aclivity is an issue of self-esteem and stress Skill leaming is related to attention and self confidence. With and against people can be an issue of cooperation, lcadership and group dynamics. Rule bound activity can be an issue of fair play, cheating morality and aggression. Explain how psychology has an important function FOR sport and exercise behaviour. - CORRECT ANSWER- By understanding the psychology of an athletes brain it can positively influence the athlete to find their peak performance. By understanding the social psych of an athlete you can then understand the sport psych. Can specifically do mental skills wraining Lo get athlete prepared for ideal performance state to achieve their peak performance. explain what person x environment = behaviour means - CORRECT ANSWER-- Environmental factors that surround the person will also influence the persons behav LOUL - when individual thinks about the social environment but also brings in their own goals, motive, beliefs to every situation. -B=f(PxE) - Behaviour is the function of nature and nurture what does the formula B= (P x E) mean?- CORR! nature and nurture ‘R-- Behaviour is the function of -a complex interaction of the person interpreting the social environment leads to behaviour. provide an explanation of science - what are the key components? - C Science is systematic knowledge gained from observation, study and experimentation carried out to determine the nature or principles of what is being studied. what is the purpose of science - CORRECT ANSWER-is ta describe, explain, predict and control What does it mean that science is systematic? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Means it is standardised and siructured. - there are rules for who participants can be, how to collect data, how the study is performed, and how to perform the analysis. what does it mean that science has contral? - CORRECT ANSWER-It means that key variables are the focus: others are controlled. what is a control group and its purpose? Give an example of a study using this - CORRECT ANSWER- A control group is the group that doesn't get the experimental treatment. - itis important so that we can control variables and that we know it was the experimental trealment thal caused the performance. g. anxiety and basketball throw. Experimental group is one that does throw in conditions that induce/anxiety. Control is throws done in conditions that don't induce anxiety. what does it mean that science is empirical? - CORRECT ANSWER-- means it is based on observation and open to external critique what does it mean that science is critical? - CO) WER-Means that is is rigorously evaluated Provide 2 arguments for why “Good science” is essential. - 1. to ensure accurate, reliable information is created. Its about distinguishing the difference between facts and myths 2. Essential as applied sport/exercise techniques are only as useful as the research and theories on which they are based. Whal are research methads? - CORRECT ANSWER-they are mc where how and why. the facts? hods to find out the what, ere do you want to conduct the research? Why do you want to find out what does it mean when the scientific methad is a “general approach" - CORRECT ANSWER-It means using a variety of investigative strategies Give an example of research using historical or observational research methods. - CORRECT ANS ‘ER-Descriptive or analytical rescarch What does correlational rescarch show? Shows association between 2 variables measured at the same time describe the key points in the definition of personality - CORRECT ANSWER-Personality reflect the psychological qualities that contributes to an ind uals pa and behaving what are the important questions that research into personality and sport can answer - CORRECT ANSWER-docs involvement in sport change a persons personality? Are thore pe. personality traits to group sport athletes? rsonality differences between male and female athletes? Do team sport athletes have different Explain why rescarching personalily and sport is important an awareness for the athlcLe/eoach about the cffeels thal personalily can have. (c.g. performance in specific situations.) - ithelps identify athletes who may need psych support Describe the three levels of Hollanders Model of Personality - what does each level reflect? - C of y >Psychological core - your internal and consistent personality. It consists our basic values, beliefs and selfesteem. This is stable and wont change. Typical response - The way we usually respond when put ina particular situation. This is a valid indicator of the psychological core. Role related behaviour - how you act based on what you perceive a situation to be. It is behaviours Lhat change in response Lo cnvironmental situations. NOT a valid indicator of the psychological core. Where does social environmental sit in hollanders model? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Sits on the outside of the model and affects all aspects of personality. - Consists of social group, society, culture and team. - Plays a stronger role to influence our goal related behaviours. ns of feeling, thinking explain the internal - external continuum and constant and dynamic model - CORRECT ANSWER- Role related behaviours are influenced by the external environment and is dynamic so can change. - Psychological core is influenced by our internal environment and is constant so doesn't change/is hard to change. What is a personality trait? - CORRECT ANSWER- A relatively stable disposition to behave in accrlain way - it is how you generally behave Describe the 5 personality traits outlined in the Big 3 Model of Personality WER-1. Neurol Licism (Prone Lo experience mental instabilily) V Emotional stability 2. extraversion (Loud, enthusiastic) V Introversion (Reserved, calm) 3. Openness Lo experience - (tendency Lo seck out new experiences, curiosity) 4, Agreeableness (Concern to cooperation and social harmony) 5. Conscienliousness (Organisation and goal-directed behaviours) What is the difference between a Lrail and a slatc? - Fe-Trait - is your typical response e.g. trait anxiety State - is your response right now o.g. Statc anxicly Why are situation specific measures of psych variables important? - C' NSWERCan test your anxiety in a sporting situation, can see how you feel during a performance Are there relationships between personality traits and performance? - yes elite athletes are more extroverted and emotionally stable What is perfectionism? - CORRECT ANSWER-Personality style characterized by setting extremely high standards of performance, striving for flawlessness & a tendency to be overly critical in evaluating performance Explain the factors that could explain whether perfectionism leads to positive or negative - CORRECT ANSWER-- Porfcel: outcomes like better learning, better performance. outcomes for the athle onism could lead Lo pasitiv -Perfectionism could lead to negative outcomes like bumont or excessive oxorcising Outline the key guidelines for ensuring the s slematic and cthical use of psych measures for personality. - CORRECT ANSWER- only use validated psych measures developed for assessment. - Athlete knows the purpose of the assessment. - Understand the P x E interactions that can occur - NOT for team selection or talent identification - Psychological questionnaires are developed for research and not designed to give valid information What is the definition of motivation? - CORRECT ANSWER-It is “anything that impels a person to action". 1. What 3 motivation - somponents reflect action? - Provide a sporting cxample of cach component that shows ZORRECT ANSWER-1. The direction of behaviour - effort that is channelled toward, and consis nt with organizational goals. person who knows what they want to accomplish - knowing your goal. E.g. wanting Lo win the rugby Lournament 2. The intensity of behaviour - how hard a person tries. How much effort a person puts into training to win the rugby tournament. 3. The persistence of behaviour - this is how long a person can maintain effort. E.g. to keep trying and turning up to training and games even if you aren’t winning - not giving up! Why is motivation important? - CORRECT ANSWER-Because without motivation a person wont perform well or train/participate effectiv What are 4 different ways we can study motivation - CORRECT ANSWER-by looking at achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motiv ation and participation motivation (drop out in sports) Explain why an understanding of situations and traits is important to build motivation - CORRECT ANSWEF-Important. because people lack motivation but also silnations can cause low motivation. If you change the environment you can mould someone’s characteristics What is achievement motivation? - CORRECT ANSWER-- Striving towards a standard of excellence or attempting to reach/ach. - person will strive for task success, persists in the face of failure and experience pride in goal accomplishment What is the definition of an achievement situation? How does it differ from competit: ess? - CORRECT ANSWER It is a measurable performance for which the individual is responsible, which can and will be evaluated in terms of a standard of excellence (By self or others) where there is uncertainty in outcome (Success/failure.) - This differs from competitiveness as compcliliveness is a sport-specifie form of achievement Describe the 2 different personal motives described in Need Achievement Theory - CORRECT Is = motive to approach success (Capacity to experience pride in success) Maf = motive to avoid failure (capacity to experience shame in failure) Explain what an attribution is and provide some examples of attributions given after a win and loss. - CORRECT ANSWER-- attributions are the reasons/explanations we give for our successes and failures. - it's the perceived cause of your performance. e.g. 1 won because.... ] lost because... Describe the 3 categories of allribulions and provide cxamples of attributions that ft within each category Stability - can either be stable (relatively the same and or unstable (can change all the time - luck) - Causality - can either be { was responsible - weather, ref decision) - Control - can either be under your control (you have hard to change - abilit internal (you were responsible for the suc / failure) or external (something or someone else the ability to change the performance) or out of your control Examples: ability is stable, internal and under control. Luck is unstable, external and not under control. Effort is unstable, internal ternal and nol. under control. Injury is unstable, and under control. Ref decision is unstable. internal, nal under control. Poor competition is unslable, external and nol under control. Explain why the study of altributions is important - CORRECT ANSWER-I provides a “window” to look at motivation, motive and goals. Explain how the stability dimension influences expectations of success - C. -Ifyou are stable you have an inercased expectation of success - if you are unstable you have a decreased expectation of success. Explain how the causality dimension influences pride and shame - CORRECT ANSWER- If the attribution is internal you have increased pride or shame because you are the one to cause the success/failure. -If the attribution is external you have decreased pride or shame because you didn’t cause the success/failure so don't care as much. Ifyou are Explain how the control dimension influences motivation - ( under control you have increased molivalion as you will want to do well due Lo the control you have on whether you can succecd or nol. -If you are not under control you have decreased motivation as no matter what you do the outcome is out of your control so therefore lose motivation to try What are the best attributions to have for success and defeat - CORRECT ANSWER-Success - stable, internal under control Failure - unstable, external, not under control What are the principles behind Achievement Goal Theory Achie - CORRECT ANSWER-- sment goals guide decision making and behaviour - desire to demonstrate ability What do achievement goal orientations rep! CORRECT ANSWER-- Personal definitions of success (Ms) - What does it take to achieve success Describe the focus of the Task Orientation and provide an example of how an athlete with a task orientation would deem themselves to have been successful. - CORRECT ANSWER-Task orientation is focused on task/skill masiery, This orientation is self-Locused, so you are focused on improving and succeeding. It’s a state that leads to perseverance and persistence when failing or faced with challenges. This creates a mastery motivational climate. Athletes with task orientation will think they successful when they have mastered a skill or got through a challenge. Describe the focus of the Ego Orientation and provide an cxample of how an athlete with an Ego orientation would deem themselves to have been sucecssful - CORRECT ANSWER-Ego orientation is focused on social comparison and competition. This is when you focus on others around you. It a goal that is done by an individual who's motivation is fuelled by competition and beating others. This creates an ego climate which is where there focus is on winning rather than developing/mastery a skill, and their success is measured by doing better than their competitors. Athlete with ego orientation will think they are successful when they beal others around them Describe the physiological and psychological components of arousal - CORRECT ANSWER The physiological component is the increases or decreases in the body 3 level of activation (e.g. HR, breathing, muscle tension) - The psychological component are positive feelings (e.g. excitement/confidence) or negative feelings (e.g. fear/sadness or discomfort/concern) What is activation? - CORRECT ANSWER-Activation is the readiness to respond Define the concept of anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER: silualions as threatening and Lo response Lo Lies A tendency to pel € competitive iluations with feclings of apprehension and tension” -anogalive emotional stato: ocialed wilh activation/arousal of the body What is the difference between slate anxicly and competilive trail anxicly?- CORRECT ANSWER- State anxiety is your current emotional/mood state - Competitive trail anxiety is your behavioural disposition 1a porccive competitive sport as threatening Explain what cognitive and somatic anxiety relates to. - CORRECT ANSWER- Cognitive anxiety relates to negative expectations/worries & cognitive concerns - Somatic anxiety relates to the perception of physiological activation Explain the definition of stress, outlining its 3 key components - CORRECT ANSWER-"A subslantial imbalance between environmental demand and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet demand has important consequences”. 3 components: - the stressor - the informational processing and perception of the stressor - the stress response and its effect to our system What’s the relationship between stress and anxlet anxiety Describe the Stress Process - C ‘-Stress process occurs in a 4 stage prot consisting of the environmental demand, perception of demand, stress response and behavioural consequences What are the 2 main situational and personal sources of stress in sport? Situational sources: the important of the outcome (the > the importance the > the mor provoking if will be) and the uncertainty of the outcome (the > the uncerlainty the > the stress response) - Personal factors: Trait anxiety (more likely to pick out “threat-related" information from a situation) and self-esteem (Leads to lowered self-confidence) Describe the two different types of coping strategies we can use to deal with str CORRECT ANSWER- Problem- focused = alte: tuation making us stressed the problem causing the stress and stops the - Emotion-focused = Regulate your emotional response to the problem Explain the proposals of Drive theory and ils predictions about the relationships between arousal and performance - a picture might be useful here - CORRECT ANSWER-- There is a linear relationship betv een performance and arousal - the > the athlotcs arousal the better the performance - but there is not a lot of support for this perspective ANSWER- When cognitive anxiety is LOW = increased physiological arousal will have a positive effect on performance up to a certain point - When cognitive anxiety is HIGH = Increased physiological arousal will improve performance up to an optimal point IDEAL PERFORMANCE STATE) - if Physiological arousal continues to increase a drastic drop in performance will occur. (Choking When does the Ideal Performance State occur and why is this problematic? - CORRECT te occurs when the athlete has cognilive anxicly.. th y ‘EF-The ideal performance st be problematic because anxiety may decrease performance depending on how anxious the person 1s. What needs to happen after a catastrophe for performance to recover? - After a catastrophe a large decrease in arousal and anxiety is required to regain previous performance. Explain the two somatic effects of how high levels of physiological arousal influence performance. - CORRECT ANSWEI-The two somatic effects that happen when you have high levels of phy siological arousal are increased muscle tension which can cause increased fatigue and interfere with coordination. Also “Paralysis by Analysis” may occur (when overthinking can cause decision making Lo be paralysed and no solution to be made) Explain the three cognitive effects of high physiological arousal and anxiety to explain why examples to illustrate each - CORRECT ANSWER- When your over arousal your attention focus narrows, and there is changes to v performance declines. Giv ‘isual search patterns (There is a decrease in quite periods) - You have decreased environmental scanning, and a shift to the dominant attentional style, when you are over aroused it is Loo broad. - You have an inappropriate focus (worry about worrying) Explain why an understanding of how we interpret anxiety is important to understand the effect of anxicty on performance. - CY “Olive anxicly may be a better predictor of performance than intcnsity of anxicty. What does it mean to have debilitative and facilitative anxiety? - CORRECT ANSWER- Debilitat. resulting in negative expectations (e.g. "] am concerned about this competition") - impairs performance, there is no control o anxl - Facilitative anxiety - enhances performance. you can control over you're stressor therefore resulting in posilive expectations (ability Lo cope, goal altainment) e.g. “I fecl nervous” Explain the process through which ‘control’ influence anxiety interpretation. Give an example to illustrate - CORRECT ANSWER-Sports stressor: Need to run a PB to qualify for national - ability to cope: can cope with the anxiety, Tam confident ] can run the time - under control - facilitative anxicly - ability to cope -I can’t stop thinking about failure, 1am not confident I can run the time - out of control - Debilitative anxi Des impact on performance. - ribo 4 key messages you could impart Lo coaches Lo cnsure anxicty docs not negatively 1. know your players as individuals! (what is Like IF dividuals! (what their optimal arousal/anxi ? Individualise motivation techniques) 2. Reduce the importance of the outcome (emphasise attributions of task orientation) 3. Reduce the uncertainty (create a supportive environment, give consistent support) 4. Help athletes manage their arousal/anxiety (psych skills training - relaxation, thought stopping, imagery etc) Provide a rationale for why il is important to study the cffects of “competition”. - CORRECT ANSWER-1. 1's important to study the clfcels of compclition because it is huge significant, component of the sporting environment. It also has a direct and indirect on psych skills and produces intense psychological reactions from participants and spectators.
