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Physics 120: Sound Waves and Human Audition, Study notes of Physics

Various aspects of sound waves, including the speed of sound in different materials, characteristics of sound such as loudness and pitch, decibels as a measure of intensity, the human ear and its frequency response, sources of sound, and interference and beats. It also includes a problem about the resonant frequency of a highway overpass and a discussion on the doppler effect and ultrasound imaging.

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 08/09/2009

koofers-user-kpo
koofers-user-kpo 🇺🇸

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Physics 120 1
Speed of Sound
Different in different materials
v = 331 m/s
in air at 00C and at 1 atm
temperature dependence
v = (331 +0.60 T) m/s
Physics 120 2
Characteristics of Sound
Loudness
intensity;
energy per area per time
Pitch
high or low
frequency
Audible range of human ear
20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Physics 120 3
Decibels
Intensity of sound is measured in decibels
range of 1012 between intensity of quietest
and loudest sounds we can hear
ear hears on logarithmic scale
decibel - measure of intensity
Physics 120 4
Intensity
pf3
pf4

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Physics 120 1

Speed of Sound

 Different in different materials

 v = 331 m/s

 in air at 0^0 C and at 1 atm

 temperature dependence

 v = (331 +0.60 T) m/s

Physics 120 2

Characteristics of Sound

 Loudness

 intensity;

 energy per area per time

 Pitch

 high or low

 frequency

 Audible range of human ear

 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

Physics 120 3

Decibels

 Intensity of sound is measured in decibels

 range of 10^12 between intensity of quietest

and loudest sounds we can hear

 ear hears on logarithmic scale

 decibel - measure of intensity

Physics 120 4

Intensity

Physics 120 5

Human Ear

Physics 120 6

Frequency Response of Ear

Physics 120 7

Sources of sound

 string instruments

 sound amplified

 sounding box

 sounding board

Physics 120 8

Ch 12: Problem 78

 A highway overpass was

observed to resonate as one

full loop when a small

earthquake shook the

ground vertically at 4.0 Hz.

The highway department put

a support at the center of

the overpass, anchoring it to

the ground. What resonant

frequency would you now

expect for the overpass?

Earthquakes rarely do

significant shaking above 5

or 6 Hz. Did the

modifications do any good?

Physics 120 13

Doppler Effect

higher

frequency

lower

frequency

Physics 120 14

Doppler Effect

 v = speed of wave

 vo = speed of observer

 vs = speed of source

 f 0 = emitted frequency

 f’ = observed frequency

 f’ > f 0

 s and o approaching

 f’ < f 0

 s and o receding

Physics 120 15

Sonic Boom

Physics 120 16

Ultrasound Imaging

color reflects strength

of echo

delay of echo indicates

distance to boundary