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Sociology Notes for Ist Semester, Lecture notes of Sociology

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2019/2020

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Module 1A..................................................................................................................................2
Module 1B- Social thinkers........................................................................................................9
I. Malinowski...........................................................................................................................17
II. Parson..................................................................................................................................18
III. Merton................................................................................................................................20
I. Dehreindors...........................................................................................................................21
IV. Lewis Coser........................................................................................................................22
I. Society...................................................................................................................................23
V. Community..........................................................................................................................24
VI. Association.........................................................................................................................25
VII. Institution..........................................................................................................................25
Module 2- Social Research.......................................................................................................27
I. Qualitative and Quantitative Research..................................................................................28
I. Primary Socialisation............................................................................................................32
VIII. Anticipatory Socialisation...............................................................................................33
IX. Development Socialisation.................................................................................................33
X. Re-socialisation...................................................................................................................33
Social Institutions.....................................................................................................................38
I. Family Perspectives.............................................................................................................. 38
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION..................................................................................................41
Social Conformity, Difference and Crime...............................................................................42
Social Control...........................................................................................................................48
Social Change...........................................................................................................................50
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  • Module 1A..................................................................................................................................
  • Module 1B- Social thinkers........................................................................................................
  • I. Malinowski...........................................................................................................................
  • II. Parson..................................................................................................................................
  • III. Merton................................................................................................................................
  • I. Dehreindors...........................................................................................................................
  • IV. Lewis Coser........................................................................................................................
  • I. Society...................................................................................................................................
  • V. Community..........................................................................................................................
  • VI. Association.........................................................................................................................
  • VII. Institution..........................................................................................................................
  • Module 2- Social Research.......................................................................................................
  • I. Qualitative and Quantitative Research..................................................................................
  • I. Primary Socialisation............................................................................................................
  • VIII. Anticipatory Socialisation...............................................................................................
  • IX. Development Socialisation.................................................................................................
  • X. Re-socialisation...................................................................................................................
  • Social Institutions.....................................................................................................................
  • I. Family Perspectives..............................................................................................................
  • SOCIAL STRATIFICATION..................................................................................................
  • Social Conformity, Difference and Crime...............................................................................
  • Social Control...........................................................................................................................
  • Social Change...........................................................................................................................

MODULE 1A

 “Socio has a long past but a short history”

  • how our forefathers have tried to govern our lives etc
  • what type of approach we need to adopt for our lives. How should an indi live his life
  • philosophy, took the help of history
  • imp factor resp for changing social background- industrial revo. Positive and negative impacts. Soc progressed
  • development of an industry can change the complete social fabric and social relationships  earlier economy was agri, fam was organised in a joint family system. In a situation where industry is dev near a village. Will migrate from that village to the industry area (this slowly led to the dev of suburban areas).
  • first imp consequence of the migration was collapse of the joint fam system.
  • Other conse too. For example when going to city, the children will be exposed to edu.
  • The women members too might start working due to increased industrialisation; the household work is done a lot by machinery. Thus movement of woman from house to outside world. Thus lot of change in the family rel. Diminishing of patriarchal system, slowly
  • In ancient type soc rel governed by kinship, family relations, etc., this started changing
  • Not only positive changes, there are negative changes as well  French Revolution too contributed to the progress of society  Scientific analysis came into being. Based on this statistical data try to reach a conclusion, a universal general principle. The scholars opined that just like physical science, you can reach the general principles so they proposed just pike the sciences, a subject about the study of behaviour to reach general principles.
  • they deal w the cause and effect rel. The same cause will produce the same effect- working in physical sciences
  • certain limitations to appl this to soc sciences:
  1. dealing w human beings, living persons. Always chances of changing the opinon of living persons.
  • For soc sciences, they decide probability of something happening as cannot have an exact cause-effect rel. This is known as co- relationship. Based on the highest probability.
  • Social scientists thought they needed a systematic study of the behaviour of human nature.
  • It was encyclopaedic in nature- complete detailed and vast understanding of society.
  • Developing as a pure science but at the same time, the major objective was to focus on the practical problems in society. Soc is imp in practical application.  Labelling theory- once you label someone as a criminal for eg, he tends to become one  Learning by doing- most common factor when it comes to drugs (influenced by friends etc)  Practical comes later, theory comes first  The term was coined by Crompte in his book Positive Philosophy in 1830. Spencer has earlier used it as social physics. Socius=companionship + Logos= scientific study  Defn of sociology by August Crompte- Sociology is the science of social phenomena subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation. (object of inv is to find pit the certain general principles just like in physical sciences)  Herbet Spencer, Durkhein, Max Webber, Karl Marx, Crompte- founding fathers  Durkhein’s defn- it is the science of social instigation  Webber- it is the science which attempts the interpretive, understanding the social action, in order thereby to arrive at a causal explanation of its cause and effect,  1) How and why society exists, 2) how and why it continues and 3) how it perishes  and changes   August Crompte was the first to distinguish b/w normative and positive facts  - Bring scientific methodology in the field of socio- collect, analyse positive facts  and draw conclusions. General principle based on collection and analysis of data.  - Individual will live if they have certain rules and ideals to follow  - Sociologist is to understand the origin, development and change  - Sociology is the study of the institutions like marriage, kinship, etc as these exist  in society.   Max Webber has considered the individual as the center of society.  - He was more concentrated on interpretation of the situation by the individual and

 where you are not guided by emotions. Logical analysis  - Not a biased individual   Characteristics of sociology now(modern times)(as a branch of social science):  1. It is developed as an independent social science (as opposed to a physical science)  2..  3..  4..   Scope and subject matter of sociology:  1. sociological analysis of the social facts  - a sociologist will understand a particular practice as a social fact and why the do  this practice although it may not be relevant in present times  - why it is happening and how is it influencing the members of the group.  2. Studying social institution and social process  3. Social research (imp). All generalizations are based on research.   Earlier the focus was on unified social science but now the focus is on specialization  Two imp schools of thought discussing the subject matter of sociology (scope of subject):

  1. Formalistic school of thought
    • as per this school, sociology is a pure and independent science. It is mot dependent on any other science. Pure means it concentrates on general theory and principles rather than concrete application
    • focussed only on form of the social concept
    • they are limiting the scope
    • German sociologist: Simmel
  2. Synthetic school of thought
    • Dependent science. Not a pure and independent science
    • It is related to many other branches of knowledge, borrowing the info, making it concise and presenting new info before us. Can’t study in isolation; have to depend on other branches of knowledge.
    • They are accepting it is a pure science but they are extending it. Not limiting the boundaries of sociology, extending its scope.
    • As a sociologist you need to understand social pathology (eg- crime), social morphology

(the individual positions). Also, will be able to understand simulatanously how they are all working and so how the game is played.

  • Thus the child is able to understand indi social position, the different statuses and the people who are enjoying this status. Normal condition it is the mother or whoever the care-taker is. Whoever he comes in contact w initially. And what the roles these people play are. Gradually, his domain extends and once this happens, your are in psiition to apply it generally. [Significant other, the initial stage and General Other, the lter stage when you apply it generally to people] As you broaden your domain of learning, apply the status to others. Whneevr the term comes can apply the term to that context, not only to the one person in your life. For eg, doctor. Not just the doctor who comes to your house but other doctors, are able to recognise them. Widening domain- that is the generalised others.
  • Simultaneously will be able to understand the conduct.
  • Significant others: the people you encounter first. Mostly it is mother, father or primary teachers.  Methods used by sociologists:
    1. Comparative
      • different constituent parts. Collecting and comparing that to understand
      • law is an index of social solidarity. Social unity. He said there are 2 types: 1) mechanical and 2) Comparative (?)
      • He said there are two societies- primitive and most developed industrial society
      • Individual identity was being merged into the identity of the social group. Every indivual is behaving mechanically. Has to adhere to the rules of society. Based on social pressure faced. You have social rules and every indi is expected to follow these social rules, if not following then punished. More repressive and laws like criminal laws would come into being.
      • In a modern industrialised society, the individual becomes more imp. You require the skill of the individual for soc to develop. The relationship b/w individual and individual, that becomes prominent. Thus use comparative method. Initially soc focussed on more here society where indi becomes the center of attraction. Focus shifted from group to individual. How to maintain group solidarity- where even one indi raised voice, will repress them. Here, that kijd of law will be developed is restitutive laws- focussing on relationship of man and man and man and society (civil and criminal laws).
    2. Historical
  • go back into history. Karl Marx is one of the best examples to explain this. Historical dialectic materialism (have and have nots). Everything is decided according to which group has control over the means of production. They exploit the have nots.
  • Marx has looked at history. At every phase of development of society, there existed two classes. Classes only started developing after there was private property. Earlier classless society.
  • Marx has concluded this on the basis of history (by looking back).
  • Breaking those historical facts and analysing those to arrive at conclusions
  1. Case study
  • borrowed this method from law and management
  • suppose a problem requires an in depth study. Eg- understanding the future of inter-religious marriage. You go and study the Hadiya case. You pick that case and analyse each minute aspect of the case.
  • A micro-level study. A very base level where you are targeting that particular case.
  1. Quantitative Method
  • reducing the human behaviour to mathematical relations
  • contemporary social method
  1. Scientific Method
  • make a questionnaire, talk to people etc. Step by step you are formulating and collecting the data. This is scientific methodology. It’s a technique under quantitative methodology as well.
  • Collecting, analysing and reaching a final conclusion.
  • This methodology also has its limitations. The way you can prove facts in physical sciences, it cannot be proved like that in social sciences. You can only find the probability of it occurring together, but cannot say that it will happen 100%.
  1. Functionalist Method
  • establishing the relations between the constituents of society and their relations between them. Importance of the subject- theoretical (all aspects of the society we live in) and practical

sciences. As you move up it becomes complex (the data is most complex). Socio is at epics and mathematics at the base  Another concept intro by him- social static and social dynamic. This imp at it is the very initial phase of the development of the study. Have to trace the progress of development at different phases. The dynamics which are continuing. Need to understand how this has a relation w the other institutions in the present context. Fam when existing in the present time- nature and scope of fam rn, but that’s not enough need to understand the progress

  • impact of industrial revo etc.

2. HERBERT SPENCER

 Applied Darwinism in the field of sociology. Organic analogy  Major contr: presentation of the concept of system and order in society. Just like in the bdy there is a system and  Analogy of living organism in society (principles of bio in field of soc). This was subject to lots of criticism.  Three major concepts:

  1. Law of Evolution
  • Development of an org. Evo. is an integration of a matter in which it passes from relatively, indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to definite, coherent and heterogeneity.
  • A n individual move from simple to complex (embryo to death) and the same thing happens in society too.
  • Initially, the State was centralised, the economy was self- sufficient and the indi was submissive to the State. In the modern soc, it is becoming more and more advanced, the indi isn’t submissive to the state and the state is working for the welfare of the individual.
  • Different phases of development: simple soc: fam; then tribal and now nation society
  • Simple society concentrated on family. In the second stage, the family has found a group which is clan. Then these clans form a tribe, the third stage. The tribal society then crosses several stages and slowly these changed into nation-society, final stage.
  • In the modern state: political system decentralised.
  • In the military soc (initial soc), stratification was prevalent, different groups of people. In the mil soc, there is stratification based on birth and what wealth, etc. In the modern soc it is flexible Principle Military Industrial
  1. Principle of Mutual Compulsory Voluntary

Existence and Social Coordination

  1. Relation b/w state and indi Indi exists for the State and contribution for the welfare of the soc and nothing more State exists for welfare of the indi
  2. Relation b/w State and other org All are excluded as they cant exist Private org can exist
  3. Structure of State Centralised De-centralised
  4. Stratification Fixed Flexible
  5. Economy Agriculture and self sufficient Extending boundaries and for your req depending on other countries. Depending not in the negative way
  6. Loyalty, courage Specialisation and division of labour. Rise of individualism (respecting the skill of a particular person). Mutual interdependence isn’t there.
  7. Organic Analogy
  • whatever us true for a living organism is true for society too. Spencer didn’t only talk about the similarities, it also has certain differences discussed by him.
  • Similarities: a) visible growth
  • from child to adult to old age. In society moving from simple to complex, thus passing several stages. Can see the growth, it is visible and verifiable. b) differentiation of structure lead to differentiation in function
  • follower of structural functionalism. Talking about structure and function of a social unit. When you are looking at baby’s growth, the differentiation also grows. Development and functions change.
  • differentiation doesn’t mean that the diff social unit are working in isolation.
  1. social facts are things – this means they are verifiable. He is reducing the soc and the understanding of society to facts.
  • what is imp is the group formed due to all the individuals, new reality emerges.
  • Social consciousness – group is framing certain norms and the indi is expected to follow these in order to maintain a social solidarity. Indi consciousness merges and form the social consciousness.  Arguments for social facts having an existence: a) heterogeneity of the individual and collective state of mind.
  • the entire group feels and thinks the same way especially against a common enemy (Indians during India-Pak war) b) Differences in the indi attitude that results from the group situation c) Uniformity of social data
  • justifies the existence of the social fact
  • norms and ideals exist at the same time crime exists too as humans have a tendency to deviate from social norm.
  • uniformity in social date as social facts has its existence. d) The cumulative identity isn’t an addition of individual identity but a new reality evolved.
  1. They are external to you
  2. They exert pressure on you
  • eg: religion becomes social fact as externally it is exerting pressure on you.
  • Attend rel festivals as community feeling
  • Want same caste marriages  Division of labour- types: technical sense,- economical interpretation based on who is having contrl over resources and prodn and those who don’t.
  • gender based division
  • assigning to each unit …… he is contributing to achieving that social goal. Society has a goal and to achieve this you are given a task. No excessive division of labour because stage of anomy will come which is a state of normlessness. You don’t know how to cope with those goals. Not identifying yourself w the community goal thus anomic situation will arise. Detach themselves as you find yourself in a posn of normlessness. That situation has to be escaped.

 Based on these divisions of labour he has spoken about law as an index of social solidarity.

  • In primitive soc where you have less div of labour, you have similarity of the individual and mechanical solidarity emerges.
  • If one indi is making a difference, it will lead to breaking the social solidarity thus need to break the acts of that individual.
  • In the model of modern soc, there is more div of labour and thus the individuals are different. Thus there is no similarity of individuals. There emerges organic solidarity.
  • Solidarity is a condition within a group where there is a cooperative, collective action directed towards achievement of the group goal. (social fact and solidarity are not the same but process and product)  Theory of suicide
    • Lombroso: the body of a person is responsible for
    • Later on a psychological theory emerged where they felt that the mind of a person is responsible for committing crime.
    • Durkhein for the first time reversed these theories. People commit the crimes due to certain psychological reason and more often than not due to disintegration of social bond.
    • The motive for suicide comes from a social condition. The social fact is putting pressure on the indi and out of that pressure the motive arises,
    • He talks of three types of suicide norms: 1) Social dislocation (disintegrating from society): individual act but the motive comes from society and the society is the social fact and that is putting pressure on you. Egoistic. This person will not speak or interact w others.
      1. Complete Integration w society upto that level that you merge your identity w society. You will kill yourself for the betterment of the community.
    1. Anomic: anomy shows the state of normlessness which is different from disintegration. The individuals are so confused that they cannot identify what is the law. It happens when sudden changes occur in the society. It may be both positive and negative changes. Generally it is negative changes which lead to suicides. E.g. share market goes down, farmer’s suicides. Generally such changes occur in economic relationship.
    2. When there are no directions available to you from the society regarding what to do and not or what are the norms, and even in these conditions people may be commit suicide. Society does not give the direction to commit suicide.  Theory of religion:

that flourishes. He was amazed to see that capitalism flourished in countries where the majority were protestants.

  • How to verify? He is analysing the 6 major countries. Why capitalism didn’t flourish in India for a long time.
  • Using scientific methodology, identifying certain facts and based on that presupposing certain things. First, collecting data from the 6 major countries and religions. The, compare, which is analysing. Thus come up with the correlation.
  • Take Hinduism for ex- breaking he law was considered to be a sin. This was breaking the cycle of karma, going against the religious ethics.
  1. MW’s Concept of Bureaucracy
  • type of an authority concept. Legitimacy, authority
  • This talks about how legitimacy and acceptance comes from the common people and this makes the person powerful.
  • Traditional authority- monarchy is the best eg.
  • Implementing rules and regulations through the broader network of the bureaucracy.
  • His model of bureaucracy is almost exactly like the present model in the current times.
  • Dehumanisation of the bureaucracy (of values). Keep aloof from the people as they have to implement the rules. Have to keep a distance for proper implementation of rules and regulations.
  • By keeping the distance, they will not be in a position to get an idea of social reality.
  • Functional to society, where you need a bureaucracy to implement the rules and regulations.

5. KARL MARX

 His theory is historical dialectic materialism. Antithesis and synthesis.  Historical- used historical method to justify his theory  Materialism- in contract w idealism. Marx was greatly influenced by Hegel. But Hegel propagated idealism, Marx totally reversed this idea.

  • idealism and materialism are schools of throughout which try to answer the question, what is the constituent of the universe, matter or the mind. Whether is matter totally or mind totally or a bit of both or none.  If only matter Is reality then materialism and if mind then idealism.  Mind isn’t equal to brain.

 There is one ultimate reality and we are all real as we are sharing this reality. Idealism talks about idea being reality. Everything is an extension of an idea. First there is a positive state of mind and then there arises a negative state. Cannot stay in any one state of mind for a long time. But since it changes, a new product emerges which is due to antithesis and synthesis  Materialism talks about this life being reality. Have to enjoy this life  Marx agrees w Hegel’s process. But he said that everything isn’t an extension of an idea, rather of matter. More specifically, the economy.  First criticism- absolute communism isn’t possible even in those countries following the Karl Marx Theory.  Second criticism- he talks about haves and have nots but he explicitly doesn’t talk about the middle social group. Nowadays this middle group is dominating the society. it has emerged as one of the major groups of society.

6. FUNCTIONALISM

[Functionalism- this is one of the social perspectives that talks about the interdepends of the different part as a whole and how they contribute to social progress as a whole] I. Malinowski  Malinowski objects that Herbert Spencer is limiting his views. He thinks it is better categorised under evolutionism rather than functionalism. He talks about functionalism in terms of cultural, social harmony and balance. He doesn’t restrict himself to the evolution process.  This is why he us known as father of functionalism.  He studied how different units of culture perform their functions and operate.  Cultural functionalism or individualistic functionalism- human needs and how different units of culture help in actualization of these needs  Needs-

  1. Primary needs: hunger, sex, biological needs
  2. Instrumental needs- Cultural units instrumental in attainment of primary needs. For eg- economy is instrumental in attainment of physical need of hunger. Education will help to maintain the need of order and discipline.

 AGIL- Adaptation| Goal attainment| Integration| Latency (Tension mgmt.)

  • external environment includes geographical environment
  • always co-valid w value system. Tool which will help in attainment of goal. Internal environment.
  • Unity in society: culture will bring about unity
  • Can be learnt by socialisation. Social conditioning in different (?)
  • Tension mgmt. is imp in performing social action.  talked about 4 pre-requisites: AGIL mechanism for understanding the social system
  1. A- adaptation in the natural environment.
  2. G- Goal attainment [internal environment]
  3. I- Integration [complete unity in society, based on cultural orientation are united w one-another]
  4. L- latency/tension management [can be learnt by socialisation, circumstances in society make you a certain way, faced more complicated social situations]  4 types of social structures spoken about [social system and social structure is diff. For eg. family relations are based on a structure which is kinship and that is social structure] : The social structures were based on the principle as to whether social position based on birth (ascription) or achievement. Also what kind of values given more weightage, universal or particular values. Can have 4 categories:
  1. Universal Ascription
  2. Particular Ascription
  3. Universal Achievement
  • universalistic model
  • universal values are recognised, for eg- law, legal rules or principles. They are universally applicable to everyone, not depending on what position you hold.
  • American society
  • Legal norms universal in nature as they apply equally to all. Caste is ascribed category.
  • The position of the indi is decided on basis of merit, not which particular segment of soc he took birth.
  1. Particular Achievement
  • particular but achieved
  • he took the model of ancient China. Particular because Chinese soc took into consideration feminism. Chinese system’s introduction of entrance exam for civil services talks about what are the qualities of a person and through this selection criteria the person would be eligible to gain the post.
  • Faith in kinship and fam but open system was achievable through your qualifications Social structure- skeleton of society. This determines the ranking of the diff indis or groups within the society. III. Merton
  • di-functionalism
  • they gave eg of India caste system, there was functionalism but it was di-functional at the same time Concept of anomy
  • Marx: state of normlessness arises and this is specific to the economic system
  • Durkhein: disintegration of the bond b/w individual and the society and due to that the indi feels detached. Merton talks about an institutional goal along w legitimate means. These are prescribed by society. Gives certain legitimate means to attain that goal.
  • eg: goal is to attain and gives legitimate means to attain that goal.
  • Thus he defines anomy as a gap b/w the institutional goals and the legitimate means
  • In this context he speaks about 5 categories of the individual and which of these categories are most likely to entertain a wrongful act:
  1. Conformist- accepting institutionalised goal and accepting legitimised means also
  2. Innovators- used in the sense of those who have accepted the goal but haven’t accepted the legitimate means. They will find out new means and these are not legitimate means (if they accepted legit means they would go into the first category)
  3. Ritualism- not accepted the goal but have accepted the legitimate means. They follow the norms of the society which is the legit mean
  4. Retreatism- neither accept the goal nor the legitimate means. But they do not change it, indifferent about it.