Partial preview of the text
Download Understanding the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
Social Equality
a condition in which no differences in wealth, power,
prestige, or status based on nonnatural conventions exist
TERM 2
Dialectic
DEFINITION 2
a two-directional relationship
TERM 3
Equality of Opportunity
DEFINITION 3
the idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve
wealth, social power, and prestige as the rules are equal
TERM 4
Bourgeois Society
DEFINITION 4
society of commerce in which the max profit is the primary
business incentive
TERM 5
Equality of Condition
DEFINITION 5
The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
Equality of Outcome
the idea that each player must end up with the same amount
TERM 7
Free Rider Problem
DEFINITION 7
when more than one person is responsible for the job that
everyone helps
TERM 8
Estate System
DEFINITION 8
a politically based system of stratification characterised by
limited social mobility
TERM 9
Caste System
DEFINITION 9
a religion-based system of stratification characterised by no
social mobility
TERM 10
Class System
DEFINITION 10
an economically based hierarchical system characterised by
cohesive, oppositional groups and loose social mobility
Meritocracy
a society where status and mobility are based on individual
attributed, ability, and achievement
TERM 17
Socioeconomic Status
DEFINITION 17
an individuals position in a stratified social order
TERM 18
Income
DEFINITION 18
money received by a person for work, from transfers, or from
investment
TERM 19
Wealth
DEFINITION 19
your net worth
TERM 20
Upper Class
DEFINITION 20
A term for the economic elite
Middle Class
individuals with non-manual jobs that pay significantly more
than the poverty line
TERM 22
Social Mobility
DEFINITION 22
movement between different positions within a system of
social stratification in any given society
TERM 23
Structural Mobility
DEFINITION 23
mobility that is inevitable from changed in the economy
TERM 24
Exchange Mobility
DEFINITION 24
if we hold fixed the changing distribution of jobs, individuals
trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way ultimately balances
out
TERM 25
Status-attainment Model
DEFINITION 25
approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status
Biological Determinism
line of thought that explains social behaviour in terms of who
you are in the natural world
TERM 32
Hegemonic Masculinity
DEFINITION 32
the condition in which men are dominant and privileged
TERM 33
Gender Roles
DEFINITION 33
sets of behavioural norms assumed to accompany one's
status as a male and female
TERM 34
Patriarchy
DEFINITION 34
universal system involving the subordination of femininity to
masculinity
TERM 35
Structural
Functionalism
DEFINITION 35
theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain
structures that exist to fulfil some set of necessary functions
Sex Role Theory
men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners
and wives/mothers
TERM 37
Homosexual
DEFINITION 37
the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to
and/or relations with other persons of the same sex
TERM 38
Sexism
DEFINITION 38
occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for
judgment, discrimination, and hatred against him or her
TERM 39
Sexual Harrassment
DEFINITION 39
an illegal form of discrimination in a sexual way
TERM 40
Glass Ceiling
DEFINITION 40
an invisible limit on women's climb up the occupational
ladder
Ontological Equality
the philosophical and religious notion that all people are
created equal
TERM 47
Social Darwinism
DEFINITION 47
survival of the fittest
TERM 48
Eugenics
DEFINITION 48
literally meaning "well born"
TERM 49
Nativism
DEFINITION 49
the movement to protect and preserve indigenous land or
culture from the allegedly dangerous and polluting effects of
new immigrants
TERM 50
One-drop Rule
DEFINITION 50
belief that "one drop" of black blood makes a person black
Misegenation
technical term for interracial marriage
TERM 52
Racialisation
DEFINITION 52
formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological
boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group
of people
TERM 53
Ethnicity
DEFINITION 53
one's ethnic quality or affiliation
TERM 54
Symbolic Ethnicity
DEFINITION 54
a past or future nationality
TERM 55
Straight-line Assimilation
DEFINITION 55
universal and linear model for how immigrants migrate
Collective Resistance
an organised effort to chance a power hierarchy on the part
of a less-powerful group in a society
TERM 62
Prejudice
DEFINITION 62
thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group
TERM 63
Discrimination
DEFINITION 63
harmful or negative acts against people on the basis of their
racial category
TERM 64
Institutional Racism
DEFINITION 64
institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral
but actually disadvantage minority groups
TERM 65
Endogamy
DEFINITION 65
marriage to someone within one's social group
Exogamy
marriage to someone outside one's social group
TERM 67
Monogamy
DEFINITION 67
having one sexual partner or spouse at a time
TERM 68
Polygamy
DEFINITION 68
marrying multiple spouses
TERM 69
Polyandry
DEFINITION 69
having multiple husbands simultaneously
TERM 70
Polygyny
DEFINITION 70
having multiple wives simultaneously
Second Shift
women's responsibility for household and children care
TERM 77
Miscegenation
DEFINITION 77
technical term for interracial marriage
TERM 78
Education
DEFINITION 78
process through academic, social, and cultural ideas and
tools, both general and specific are developed
TERM 79
Hidden Circumstances
DEFINITION 79
the nonacademic and less over socialisation functions of
schooling
TERM 80
Social Capital
DEFINITION 80
information, knowledge of people, and connections that help
individuals enter, gain power in, or leverage social networks
Tracking
a way of dividing classes by ability or future plans
TERM 82
Credentialism
DEFINITION 82
overemphasis on credentials for signalling social status or
qualifications for a job
TERM 83
Affirmative Action
DEFINITION 83
set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number
of particular subgroups within the population
TERM 84
Social Class or Socioeconimic
DEFINITION 84
an individual's position in a stratified social order
TERM 85
Cultural Capital
DEFINITION 85
the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to
their advantage in various situations
Corporation
a legal entity unto itself that has a legal person-hood distinct
from that of its own members
TERM 92
Alienation
DEFINITION 92
a condition in which people are dominated by forces of their
own creation that then confront them as alien powers
TERM 93
Socialism
DEFINITION 93
an economic system in which the needs of the population are
met through non-market methods of distribution
TERM 94
Communism
DEFINITION 94
a political ideology of a classless society in which the means
of production are shared through state ownership and in
which rewards are tied not to productivity but to need
TERM 95
Family Wage
DEFINITION 95
a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a
dependent wife and children
Service
Sector
the section of the economy that involved providing intangible
services
TERM 97
Monopoly
DEFINITION 97
form of business that occurs when one seller of a good or
service dominates the market to the exclusion of others
TERM 98
Oligopoly
DEFINITION 98
the economic condition that exists when a handful of firms
effectively control a particular market
TERM 99
Offshoring
DEFINITION 99
a business decision to move all or part of a company's
operations abroad to minimize costs
TERM 100
Union
DEFINITION 100
an organisation of workers designed to facilitate collective
bargaining with an employer
