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Socialization - Introductory Sociology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Introduction to Sociology

Socialization, Social Skills, Survival in Society, Individual and Society, Extremely Important, Nature and Nurture, Sociologists, Sociobiologists, Wield Evidence, Social Isolation and Maltreatment are the key points of this lecture.

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2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/31/2012

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Chapter 4: Socialization
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Download Socialization - Introductory Sociology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 4: Socialization

Why is Socialization Important?

• Socialization

– The lifelong process of social interaction through which

individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental,

and social skills needed for survival in society

– It is the link between individual and society

• If culture is the “toolkit”, socialization is the “manual”

– What we become, how we act, think, and believe all

comes from the socialization we receive

  • Human beings are the most social creatures on Earth; and because

of this, socialization is extremely important to the individual’s, as

well as society’s, well being

Social Isolation and Maltreatment

  • In order for humans (as well as other social animals) to develop properly,

social contact early on is crucial

– See Harlows’ non-human primate experiment (pg.

• Ultimately, social isolation was detrimental to the

psychological growth of the Rhesus monkeys

– Cases of (extreme) social isolation and maltreatment

in humans

• See Anna and Genie (pgs. 109-110)

  • Without socialization, and nurture, both children were devoid of language, cleanliness, upright movement; and in essence, their humanity
  • Without a social catalyst during our core stages of development, we are

nothing more than animals

Human Development: The Psychoanalytic Perspective

  • Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
    • His premise for human existence rested

on two basic tendencies; the urge to survive,

and the urge to procreate

  • Consisted of three states that reflected different levels of personality
    • The Id
      • Most basic biological drives and demand for immediate gratification
    • The Superego
      • The sense of conscience, the moral and ethical aspects of ones actions
    • The Ego
      • The rational, reality oriented self that imposes restrictions on the Id
  • Conscious Awareness: The iceberg analogy
  • Both the Id and the Superego are unconscious states of awareness, whereas the
ego is conscious
  • i.e. the “tip of the iceberg” is the ego, whereas the rest of all of our
unconscious thoughts and desires are “submerged”

Human Development- Piaget and Kohlberg

  • Jean Piaget (1896-1980)
    • Cognitive Development
    • Sensorimotor Stage
      • (birth to age two ) Children understand the world only through contact and immediate action
    • Preoperational stage
      • (age two to seven) Children begin to use words and mental symbols
    • Concrete-operational stage
      • (age seven to eleven) Children think in terms of tangible objects, begin empathizing
    • Formal-operational stage
      • (age twelve through adolescence) potential to engage in highly abstract thought, can think of future options and actions - Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) - Cognitive and Moral Reasoning - Preconventional Level - (age seven to ten) Behavior is based on punishment or obedience, good and evil - Conventional Level - (age ten through adulthood) Concerned with perception by peers, conformity to rules - Postconventional Level - (few adults reach this stage) Morality in terms of individual rights, human rights transcend government and laws

Self-Concept and Self-Identity

  • Self-Concept is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves

– Consists of four components

• The physical self (“I am tall”)

• The active self (“I am good at sports”)

• The social self (“I am nice to others”)

• The psychological self (“I believe in world peace”)

  • Later in childhood the focus shifts from physical and active to social and

psychological self

  • Self-Identity is our perception about what kind of person we are
  • Self-Concept and Self-Identity are both components of the Symbolic-

Interactionist perspective of socialization

Agents of Socialization

• The persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what

we need to know in order to participate in society

– The most influential are the family, the school, peer

groups, and the mass media

  • A peer group is a group of people who are linked by common

interests, equal social position, and typically similar age

• The mass media as an agent of socialization?

– Students on average spend 1,000 hours per year at school,

while they spend roughly 1,600 hours per year subjected

to the mass media…

Gender and Racial-Ethnic Socialization

  • Gender Socialization refers to the specific messages and practices

concerning the nature of being female or male in a specific group or

society

  • Such as color coded, or gender based toys, clothes, and activities
  • Racial-Ethnic Socialization is the socialization aspect that contains

specific messages and practices, concerning the nature of one’s

racial or ethnic status

  • Relates to personal and group identity, inter-group and inter-individual

relationships, and position in the social hierarchy