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An introduction to social psychology, a scientific field that explores how individuals are influenced by others. Topics include the scientific method, types of social psychology, research methods, social influence factors, self, social cognition, and person perception. Learn about key concepts, theories, and research methods in social psychology.
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What is Social Psychology? Key concept: not mere action but interaction Social psychology – studies how we are influenced by others; scientific field that seeks to comprehend the nature & causes of individual behavior in social situations Scientific Method Observation Questions Hypothesis Testing Theory Types? Psychological social psychology Sociological social psychology History of Social Psychology Norman Triplett – conducted 1st^ social psychological experiment (1895); “bicycle rider”: with/without competitor William McDougall & Ross – first to use term “social psychology” (1908) “social behavior” – innate tendency or instinct Floyd Allport – social behavior was affected by different factors such as presence of others Cross Cultural Psychology: Individualism & Collectivism Individualism o Privacy o Self identity o Inner attribute of self o Independent o Individual decision Collectivism o Social system o Social identity o Socialization o Interdependent
o Loyalty & harmony *Social Influence Factors
Environment/Social Context
Where & what Where: location What: design Research: Basic or Applied in nature Basic research: increase knowledge about social behavior Applied research: increase understanding of solutions to real world problems Scientific Research Conduct systematical research Not just common sense o Investigate common sense assumptions about human behavior o Avoid errors in perception/ thinking process Hypothesis Specific propositions/expectations about the nature of things derived from a theory Types of Research Methods I. Observational research method II. Cross-cultural research method III. Quasi-experiment research method IV. Experimental research method V. Correlation research method
o Peer review process Informed consent form, voluntary participation, debriefing, etc. Correlation research method Relationship between two or more variables Provides info on the direction & strength of the linear relationship between variables Correlation: direction Positive correlation – when one variable increases, the other variable also increases Negative correlation – when one variable increases, the other variable decreases Correlation Coefficient: Strength r = ± 1. ± : direction (positive or negative) 1.00: strength, maximum value, range from 0 to 1. Statistics: significant level Statistical significance p < 0. Random likelihood is under 5% Meta-Analysis A statistical procedure used to understand the outcomes of many studies
Knowing thyself Self concept Self esteem Self monitoring: self presentation Self scheme Self perception Self awareness Who am I? _____________________________________________ Self Concept The sum total of a person’s thoughts & feelings defining the self as an object Perceptions of our own quality Characteristics of self
The knowledge of the kind of person you are Contents of self-concepts Physical attributes Traits & disposition Gender identity Role identity Racial identity Self-esteem A person’s evaluation of his/her self-concept Evaluative component of the self-concept in either positive or negative way Positive evaluation: high self-esteem Negative evaluation: low self-esteem Self-esteem & risks taking behavior People w/low self-esteem, are more concerned about protecting themselves from threat & are less inclined to take risks than people with high self-esteem Dark side of high self-esteem High self-esteem: more aggressive & defensive than other when someone challenges their favorable self-assessments Self-enhancement The process of seeking out & interpreting situations so as to attain a positive view of yourself Self-monitoring Tendency to use cues from other people’s self-presentation in controlling one’s own self- presentation Self-schema Schemas: organized, repeatedly exercised patterns of thought about some stimulus, which are built up from experience & which selectively guide the processing of new info Cognitive generalization about the self Derives from the past experience Organize & guide the processing of self-related info contained in the individual’s social experience
o Yawning o Groaning o Sneezing o Snoring Impression formation Our impressions of others are shaped by their nonverbal behavior o Facial expression Facial expressions Happy Surprise Sadness Anger Disgust Fear Problems in understanding/detecting facial expressions Particular vocation o Actor/actress Cultural norms Eye contact Eyes don’t lie, do they? Eye contact & social interacting o Friendliness, liking, etc Staring Body language Emblems: nonverbal acts w/direct verbal translation o Sign language Illustrators: nonverbal acts company speech Regulator: helping flow of conversation Adaptor: sitting or leaning to show how you are reacting Attribution Infer the causes of behavior
Internal attribution: personal dispositions/responsibility, stable traits External attribution: situational/environmental factor Jones & Davis: Correspondent inference Focus on internal attribution Fritz Heider: father of Modern Attribution Theory Internal attribution o Voluntary behavior o Non common effects o Low in social desirability Schacter & Singer’s Theory External attribution Over-justification effect: when we are rewarded for performing intrinsically interesting activities we become less interested in those activities Kelley’s Theory Either internal or external attribution o Consistency: high/low → high – talk every day o Consensus: high/low → high – people talk back o Distinctiveness: high/low → low – if talk everywhere Consistency Consensus Distinctiveness High Low Low internal High High High external Biases in Attribution Fundamental attribution error: quick to blame others internal move Actor-observer effect: mistake b/c of actor/observer Self-serving bias: good happen = internal; bad = environmental (external) Self-handicapping: you tried to disable self & use it as an excuse Social Cognition