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Social Interaction - Social Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Social Psychology

National Center For Biological SciencesSocial Psychology

Social Interaction, Social Behaviour, Interaction and Interdependence, Self Fulfilling Prophecies, Cooperation Vs Competition, Social Dilemmas, Social Facilitation, Narrow Attention, Social Loafing, Social Impact Theory. These are the important points of Social Psychology.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 01/01/2013

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Social Interaction
A behavior is always to be taken transactionally,
i.e., never as of the organism alone, any more
than of the environment alone, but always as
of the organic-environmental situation, with
organisms and environmental objects taken as
equally its aspect.
(Dewey & Bentley, 1949)
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Social Interaction

A behavior is always to be taken transactionally,

i.e., never as of the organism alone, any more

than of the environment alone, but always as

of the organic-environmental situation, with

organisms and environmental objects taken as

equally its aspect.

(Dewey & Bentley, 1949 )

What is social behaviour?

  • Behavior oriented towards other selves.
  • Such behavior
    • apprehends another as a perceiving, thinking, moral, intentional, and behaving person;
    • considers the intentional or rational meaning of the other's field of expression;
    • involves expectations about the other's acts and actions;
    • and manifests an intention to invoke in another self certain experiences and intentions.
  • What differentiates social from nonsocial behavior, then, is whether another self is taken into account in one's acts, actions, or practices.

How people influence each other

unintentionally

How do people influence each other’s behaviour just by interacting?

  1. Social facilitation: rely more on spontaneous habitual reactions when others present
  2. Social loafing: expend less effort when working with others

Why do people fulfill each other’s expectancies?

3. Self-fulfilling prophecies: act in a way that

causes others to fulfill even erroneous

expectations

Social Facilitation

Tendency to perform simple/well-learned tasks better when others present

Zajonc 1965 drive theory – strengthening of dominant responses in presence of others

1 st^ expt. – Triplett 1898 children & fishing lines

more energy if another present, can impair or facilitate performance

Why?

Five psychological states that contribute to tendency to perform easy tasks better & difficult tasks worse when other present

  1. Arousal & increased drive – enhances dominant response
  2. Evaluation apprehension (Cottrell 1968)

Rely on spontaneous habitual responses

Social Loafing

(Ringelmann 1800’s)

  • Drive reduction
  • Freedom from negative evaluation (personal

identity↓ & social identity ↑)

  • Dispensable contributions (free rider effect –

importance of what we expect others to do)

  • Importance of outcomes

Social Impact Theory (Latané 1981)

“any of the great variety of changes in physiological states and subjective feelings, motives and emotions, cognitions and beliefs, values and behavior, that occur in an individual, human or animal, as a result of the real, implied, or imagined presence or actions of other individuals” (Latané, 1981, p. 343).

Model of social forces (pressures from other people) acting on individuals

i = f (sin)

It predicts that conformity will increase with increasing strength, immediacy and the number of influence in a group

  • Bystander effect Latane & Darley 1968 (Kitty Genovese case)

the greater the number/status of people present, the more they influence our behaviour

  • Facilitation: ↑ with no. of sources operating on target
  • Loafing: ↑ with no. of targets receiving influence
  • Number & strength
    • (conformity, imitation, crowding, arousal, stage fright, helping in emergencies, tipping…)
  • Normative social influence
  • Informational social influence

Dynamic Social Impact Theory

Latane’s revised model - the spread of social influence in populations.

  • predicts the group-level consequences of individual influence processes in spatially distributed populations of people interacting with each other.

Identified four tendencies in group:

  • Consolidation : over time, the majority grows in size and the minority dwindles in size
  • Clustering: people are more influenced by their closest neighbors, and so clusters of group members with similar opinions emerge in group.[dyads, triads …]
  • Correlation: Over time the group members’ opinions on other issues, even one that are not discussed in the group, converge, so that their opinions on a variety of matters are correlated.
  • Continuing diversity : Because of clustering, members of minorities are often shielded from the influence attempts of the majority, and their beliefs continue on within the group
  • Person who is target of perception behaves

ambiguously or as treated (Snyder study)

  • Important application: teacher expectations

(Rosenthal study)

3 stages

  • Perceiver’s initial expectations
  • Differential treatment
  • Target’s reactions
  • Dyadic competition: Co-operate on group goals vs. satisfy individual needs
  • Co-operative behaviour ↓ with ↑ group size
  • Interactions between groups less cooperative than between individuals
  • The Prisoner’s dilemma: Self-interest dictates competition but most beneficial long-term strategy is cooperation

The classic prisoner's dilemma

Two suspects, you and another person, are arrested by the police. The police have insufficient evidence for a conviction, and having separated both of you, visit each of you and offer the same deal: if you confess and your accomplice remains silent, he gets the full 10-year sentence and you go free. If he confesses and you remain silent, you get the full 10-year sentence and he goes free. If you both stay silent, all they can do is give you both 6 months for a minor charge. If you both confess, you each get 6 years.